{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T06:28:09Z","timestamp":1775111289136,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"26","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>About 70% of more than half a million Implicit Association Tests completed by citizens of 34 countries revealed expected implicit stereotypes associating science with males more than with females. We discovered that nation-level implicit stereotypes predicted nation-level sex differences in 8th-grade science and mathematics achievement. Self-reported stereotypes did not provide additional predictive validity of the achievement gap. We suggest that implicit stereotypes and sex differences in science participation and performance are mutually reinforcing, contributing to the persistent gender gap in science engagement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809921106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,22]],"date-time":"2009-06-22T22:04:42Z","timestamp":1245708282000},"page":"10593-10597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":698,"title":["National differences in gender\u2013science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Nosek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400;"}]},{"given":"Frederick L.","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400;"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Sriram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400;"}]},{"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Lindner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400;"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Devos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4611;"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electoral Institute of Veracruz, Xalapa, 91000, Mexico;"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Bar-Anan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400;"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Bergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, SE-751 42 Uppsala, Sweden;"}]},{"given":"Huajian","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Gonsalkorale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia;"}]},{"given":"Selin","family":"Kesebir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400;"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Maliszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 00-927, Warsaw, Poland;"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Eero","family":"Olli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombud, N-0031 Oslo, Norway;"}]},{"given":"Jaihyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Baruch College\u2014The City University of New York, New York, NY 10010;"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Schnabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Humboldt University, 10099 Berlin, Germany;"}]},{"given":"Kimihiro","family":"Shiomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Social Services, Iwate Prefectural University, 152\u201352 Takizawa-aza-sugo, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0193, Japan;"}]},{"given":"Bogdan Tudor","family":"Tulbure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036, Brasov, Romania;"}]},{"given":"Reinout W.","family":"Wiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1012 ZA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nika","family":"Somogyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Budapest 1053, Hungary;"}]},{"given":"Nazar","family":"Akrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, SE-751 42 Uppsala, Sweden;"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ekehammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, SE-751 42 Uppsala, Sweden;"}]},{"given":"Michelangelo","family":"Vianello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy;"}]},{"given":"Mahzarin R.","family":"Banaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; and"}]},{"given":"Anthony G.","family":"Greenwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e672832007-002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"TIMSS 2003 Technical Report","author":"Martin MO","year":"2004","unstructured":"MO Martin, IVS Mullis, SJ Chrostowski TIMSS 2003 Technical Report (TIMSS and PIRLS Int Study Ctr, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X014003020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.26.2.254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2112795"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.9.950"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.2.435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221320209597966"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01841.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"63","article-title":"Teachers' beliefs and gender differences in mathematics: A review","volume":"41","author":"Li Q","year":"1999","unstructured":"Q Li, Teachers' beliefs and gender differences in mathematics: A review. Ed Rsch 41, 63\u201376 (1999).","journal-title":"Ed Rsch"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.91.2.324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:SERS.0000029101.74557.a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1990.tb00022.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.2003.tb00774.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00272"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1998.1373"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.6.613"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology","author":"Steele CM","year":"2002","unstructured":"CM Steele, SJ Spencer, J Aronson Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed M Zanna (Academic, San Diego), pp. 379\u2013440 (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.3.440"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11546-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","volume-title":"Beyond bias and barriers: Fulfilling the potential of women in academic science and engineering","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beyond bias and barriers: Fulfilling the potential of women in academic science and engineering (Natl Acad Press, Washington, DC, 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511623288"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724990244000034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167289154008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.2.197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.98.1.54"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1075\/is.6.1.07jus","article-title":"Social reality makes the social mind: Self-fulfilling prophecy, stereotypes, bias, and accuracy","volume":"6","author":"Jussim L","year":"2005","unstructured":"L Jussim, KD Harber, JT Crawford, TR Cain, F Cohen, Social reality makes the social mind: Self-fulfilling prophecy, stereotypes, bias, and accuracy. Int Stud: Soc Behav Comm Biol Art Sys 6, 85\u2013102 (2005).","journal-title":"Int Stud: Soc Behav Comm Biol Art Sys"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01995.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.3.231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.1.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Social Psychology and the Unconscious: The Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes","author":"Nosek BA","year":"2006","unstructured":"BA Nosek, AG Greenwald, MR Banaji Social Psychology and the Unconscious: The Automaticity of Higher Mental Processes, ed JA Bargh (Psychology Press, New York), pp. 265\u2013292 (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10463280701489053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204271418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2006.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.83.1.44"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","first-page":"915","volume-title":"The Handbook of Social Psychology","author":"Fiske AP","year":"1998","unstructured":"AP Fiske, S Kitayama, HR Markus, RE Nisbett The Handbook of Social Psychology, eds DT Gilbert, ST Fiske, G Lindzey (McGraw-Hill, Boston), pp. 915\u2013981 (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","volume-title":"TIMSS 2003 International Science Report","author":"Martin MO","year":"2004","unstructured":"MO Martin, IVS Mullis, EJ Gonzalez, SJ Chrostowski TIMSS 2003 International Science Report (TIMSS and PIRLS Int Study Ctr, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","volume-title":"TIMSS 2003 International Mathematics Report","author":"Mullis IVS","year":"2004","unstructured":"IVS Mullis, MO Martin, EJ Gonzalez, SJ Chrostowski TIMSS 2003 International Mathematics Report (TIMSS and PIRLS Int Study Ctr, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.6.1464"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0809921106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T17:27:30Z","timestamp":1649784450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0809921106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"26","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0809921106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0809921106","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31234\/osf.io\/sp8nc","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-10-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-06-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}