{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T19:50:08Z","timestamp":1759693808409},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"37","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In many territorial species androgens respond to social interactions. This response has been interpreted as a mechanism for adjusting aggressive motivation to a changing social environment. Therefore, it would be adaptive to anticipate social challenges and reacting to their clues with an anticipatory androgen response to adjust agonistic motivation to an imminent social challenge. Here we test the hypothesis of an anticipatory androgen response to territorial intrusions using classical conditioning to establish an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS = light) and an unconditioned stimulus (US = intruder male) in male cichlid fish (\n            <jats:italic>Oreochromis mossambicus<\/jats:italic>\n            ). During the training phase conditioned males (CS\u2212US paired presentations) showed a higher decrease in latency for agonistic response toward the intruder than unconditioned males (CS\u2013US unpaired presentations). In the test trial, conditioned males showed an increase in androgen levels (i.e., testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone) relative to baseline, in response to the CS alone. This increase was similar to that of control males exposed to real intruders after CS, whereas unconditioned males showed a decrease in androgen levels in response to the CS. Furthermore, conditioned males were significantly more aggressive than unconditioned males during the post-CS period on test trial, even though the intruder male was not present during this period. These results reveal the occurrence of a conditioned androgen response that may give territorial males an advantage in mounting a defense to upcoming territorial intrusions, if the ability to readily elevate androgens does not co-vary with other traits that bear costs.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900817106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,2]],"date-time":"2009-09-02T02:03:06Z","timestamp":1251856986000},"page":"15985-15989","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Hormonal anticipation of territorial challenges in cichlid fish"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Raquel A.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Eco-Etologia, Instituto Superior de Psicologia, Aplicada, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal; and"},{"name":"Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui F.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Eco-Etologia, Instituto Superior de Psicologia, Aplicada, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal; and"},{"name":"Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(04)34005-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2008.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1201\/b10757-5","volume-title":"Fish Behavior","author":"Oliveira RF","year":"2008","unstructured":"RF Oliveira, D Gon\u00e7alves Fish Behavior, eds C Magnhagen, VA Braithwaite, E Forsgren, BG Kapoor (Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH), pp. 61\u2013150 (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2005.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"106","article-title":"Androgens and the dear enemy effect in a cichlid fish","volume":"46","author":"Aires R","year":"2004","unstructured":"R Aires, AFH Ros, T Oliveira, RF Oliveira, Androgens and the dear enemy effect in a cichlid fish. Horm Behav 46, 106 (2004).","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2005.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35054128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511610363.026","volume-title":"Animal Communication networks","author":"Oliveira RF","year":"2005","unstructured":"RF Oliveira Animal Communication networks, ed PK McGregor (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp. 481\u2013520 (2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7434016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1965.8-397"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007529628117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141409"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.43.3.151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"The Principles of Learning and Behavior","author":"Domjan M","year":"2003","unstructured":"M Domjan The Principles of Learning and Behavior (Wadsworth\/Thomson Learning, 5th ed, Belmont CA, 2003).","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S146479310500686X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2003.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"257","volume-title":"The Design of Animal Comunication","author":"Wingfield JC","year":"1999","unstructured":"JC Wingfield, et al. The Design of Animal Comunication, eds MD Hauser, M Konishi (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), pp. 257\u2013283 (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1542070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"233","article-title":"An introduction to the ethology of cichlid fishes","volume":"1","author":"Baerends GP","year":"1950","unstructured":"GP Baerends, JM Baerends von Roon, An introduction to the ethology of cichlid fishes. Behav Suppl 1, 233\u2013366 (1950).","journal-title":"Behav Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(84)90077-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(89)90054-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1996.0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(82)90020-X"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0900817106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T21:08:37Z","timestamp":1653340117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0900817106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0900817106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0900817106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-01-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-09-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}