{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T19:42:54Z","timestamp":1769197374826,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"21","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            A bibliometric analysis of the\n            <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            and Ebola virus archival literature was conducted to determine whether negative consequences of the\n            <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n            niting and\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            trengthening\n            <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n            merica by\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            roviding\n            <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n            ppropriate\n            <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n            ools\n            <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n            equired to\n            <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n            ntercept and\n            <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n            bstruct\n            <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n            errorism\u201d (USA PATRIOT) Act and the 2002 Bioterrorism Preparedness Act on US select agent research could be discerned. Indicators of the health of the field, such as number of papers published per year, number of researchers authoring papers, and influx rate of new authors, indicated an overall stimulus to the field after 2002. As measured by interorganizational coauthorships, both\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            and Ebola virus research networks expanded after 2002 in terms of the number of organizations and the degree of collaboration. Coauthorship between US and non US scientists also grew for Ebola virus but contracted for the subset of\n            <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n            research that did not involve possession of viable, virulent bacteria. Some non-US institutions were dropped, and collaborations with others intensified. Contrary to expectations, research did not become centralized around a few gatekeeper institutions. Two negative effects were detected. There was an increased turnover rate of authors in the select agent community that was not observed in the control organism (\n            <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            ) research community. However, the most striking effect observed was not associated with individual authors or institutions; it was a loss of efficiency, with an approximate 2- to 5-fold increase in the cost of doing select agent research as measured by the number of research papers published per millions of US research dollars awarded.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0915002107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,11]],"date-time":"2010-05-11T04:20:03Z","timestamp":1273551603000},"page":"9556-9561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Effects of the USA PATRIOT Act and the 2002 Bioterrorism Preparedness Act on select agent research in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"M. Beatrice","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Reyes-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and"}]},{"given":"Francisco M.","family":"Veloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and"},{"name":"FCEE, Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, 1649-023 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Casman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","unstructured":"Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001 PL 107-56 (United States of America) 2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 PL 107-188 (United States of America) 2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.312.5777.1120b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Possible Impacts of Major Counter Terrorism Security Actions on Research, Development, and Higher Education","author":"Knezo GJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"GJ Knezo Possible Impacts of Major Counter Terrorism Security Actions on Research, Development, and Higher Education (Congressional Research Service Report to Congress, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Laboratory Biosecurity: A Survey of the US Bioscience Community SAND no. 2006-1197P 2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"Stewardship or Censorship? Balancing Biosecurity, the Public's Health, and the Benefits of Scientific Openness","author":"Fischer JE","year":"2006","unstructured":"JE Fischer Stewardship or Censorship? Balancing Biosecurity, the Public's Health, and the Benefits of Scientific Openness (The Henry L. Stimson Center, Albuquerque, NM, 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/461577a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2009.0047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"Leadership for Select Agent Research: Promoting a Culture of Responsibility","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leadership for Select Agent Research: Promoting a Culture of Responsibility (National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"The Clock Is Ticking: A Progress Report on America's Preparedness to Prevent Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism 2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096911"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","author":"Borgatti SP","year":"2002","unstructured":"SP Borgatti, MG Everett, LC Freeman UCINET 6 for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis, Analytic Technologies, Lexington, KY. (2002).","journal-title":"UCINET 6 for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"Social Network Analysis: A Handbook","author":"Scott JP","year":"1991","unstructured":"JP Scott Social Network Analysis: A Handbook (Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA, 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"RAND Database on Research and Development in the US (RADiUS) 2008"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0915002107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:24:21Z","timestamp":1649895861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0915002107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0915002107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0915002107","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-05-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}