{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T15:43:02Z","timestamp":1770738182045,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In this study we date the introduction of HIV-2 into the human population  and estimate the epidemic history of HIV-2 subtype A in Guinea-Bissau, the  putative geographic origin of HIV-2. The evolutionary history of the simian  immunodeficiency virus\n            <jats:sub>sooty mangabey<\/jats:sub>\n            \/HIV-2 lineage was  reconstructed by using available database sequences with known sampling dates,  and a timescale for this history was calculated by using maximum likelihood  methods. The date of the most recent common ancestor of HIV-2 subtype A  strains was estimated to be 1940 \u00b1 16 and that of B strains was  estimated to be 1945 \u00b1 14. In addition we used coalescent theory to  estimate the past population dynamics of HIV-2 subtype A in a rural population  of Guinea-Bissau. Parametric and nonparametric estimates of the effective  number of infections through time were obtained for an equal sample of\n            <jats:italic>gag, pol<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>env<\/jats:italic>\n            sequences. Our estimates of the epidemic  history of HIV-2 subtype A in Guinea-Bissau show a transition from constant  size to rapid exponential growth around 1955\u20131970. Our analysis provides  evidence for a zoonotic transfer of HIV-2 during the first half of the 20th  century and an epidemic initiation in Guinea-Bissau that coincides with the  independence war (1963\u20131974), suggesting that war-related changes in  sociocultural patterns had a major impact on the HIV-2 epidemic.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0936469100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,27]],"date-time":"2003-05-27T17:10:32Z","timestamp":1054055432000},"page":"6588-6592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":266,"title":["Tracing the origin and history of the HIV-2 epidemic"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Philippe","family":"Lemey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000  Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Oliver G.","family":"Pybus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS,  United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retroviral Genetics Laboratory, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millenium  Institute, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales  2145, Australia"}]},{"given":"Nitin K.","family":"Saksena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retroviral Genetics Laboratory, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millenium  Institute, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales  2145, Australia"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Salemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000  Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Anne-Mieke","family":"Vandamme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000  Leuven, Belgium"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5453.607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1995.0089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1542965"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.5.3953-3960.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.11.7433-7447.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"911","volume":"356","year":"2000","unstructured":"Marx, P. A., Alcabes, P. G. & Drucker, E. (2000) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B 356, 911\u2013920.","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220050042864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200007010-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510170073033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1789"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0449fje"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0863"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00181.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/45.3.375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/14.9.817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/16.4.395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"555","volume":"13","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yang, Z. (1997) Comput. Appl. Biosci. 13, 555\u2013556.9367129","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Biosci."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02352289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.1.431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.3.1429"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-001-0064-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199308000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655400750045286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.10.7895-7899.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooper E. (1999) The River (Little Brown Boston) pp.  623\u2013643.","DOI":"10.1054\/JHSB.1999.0343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/156.2.879"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00096-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(95)92335-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"Venter A. J. (1973) Portugal's Guerilla  War: The Campaign for Africa (John Malherbe Cape Town South  Africa)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058321"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0936469100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T22:56:15Z","timestamp":1649804175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0936469100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,12]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0936469100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0936469100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-10-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-05-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}