{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T03:14:57Z","timestamp":1773112497671,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chromosome-specific gene regulation is known thus far only as a mechanism to equalize the transcriptional activity of the single male X chromosome with that of the two female X chromosomes. In<jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>, a complex including the five Male-Specific Lethal (MSL) proteins, \u201cpaints\u201d the male X chromosome, mediating its hypertranscription. Here, with the molecular cloning of<jats:italic>Painting of fourth<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>Pof<\/jats:italic>), we describe a previously uncharacterized gene encoding a chromosome-specific protein in<jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>. Unlike the MSL proteins, POF paints an autosome, the fourth chromosome of<jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>. Chromosome translocation analysis shows that the binding depends on an initiation site in the proximal region of chromosome 4 and spreads in cis to involve the entire chromosome. The spreading depends on sequences or structures specific to chromosome 4 and cannot extend to parts of other chromosomes translocated to the fourth. Spreading can also occur in trans to a paired homologue that lacks the initiation region. In the related species<jats:italic>Drosophila busckii<\/jats:italic>, POF paints the entire X chromosome exclusively in males, suggesting relationships between the fourth chromosome and the X and between POF complexes and dosage-compensation complexes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.111581298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T14:44:19Z","timestamp":1027694659000},"page":"6273-6278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Painting of fourth, a chromosome-specific protein in<i>Drosophila<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Larsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, S-901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden; Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3498; and Department of Zoology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"J. Don","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, S-901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden; Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3498; and Department of Zoology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Vanya","family":"Rasheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, S-901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden; Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3498; and Department of Zoology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"\u212bsa","family":"Rasmuson-Lestander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, S-901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden; Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3498; and Department of Zoology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Pirrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, S-901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden; Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3498; and Department of Zoology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00650898","volume":"102","author":"Locke J","year":"1993","unstructured":"J Locke, H McDermid Chromosoma 102, 718\u2013723 (1993).","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"Drosophila: A Laboratory Handbook","author":"Ashburner M","year":"1989","unstructured":"M Ashburner Drosophila: A Laboratory Handbook (Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, Plainview, NY, 1989)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"185","volume-title":"The New Systematics","author":"Muller H J","year":"1940","unstructured":"H J Muller The New Systematics, ed J Huxley (Clarendon, Oxford), pp. 185\u2013268 (1940)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/131.2.345","volume":"131","author":"Eissenberg J C","year":"1992","unstructured":"J C Eissenberg, G D Morris, G Reuter, T Hartnett Genetics 131, 345\u2013352 (1992).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.7.2051","volume":"85","author":"Miklos G L G","year":"1988","unstructured":"G L G Miklos, M T Yamamoto, J Davies, V Pirrotta Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85, 2051\u20132055 (1988).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","first-page":"519","volume":"104","author":"Wallrath L","year":"1996","unstructured":"L Wallrath, V Guntur, L Rosman, S Elgin Chromosoma 104, 519\u2013527 (1996).","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.10.1263","volume":"9","author":"Wallrath L","year":"1995","unstructured":"L Wallrath, S Elgin Genes Dev 9, 1263\u20131277 (1995).","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"903","volume-title":"The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila","author":"Hochman B","year":"1976","unstructured":"B Hochman The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila, eds M Ashburner, E Novitski (Academic, San Diego), pp. 903\u2013928 (1976)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1086\/280023","volume":"59","author":"Bridges C B","year":"1925","unstructured":"C B Bridges Am Nat 59, 127\u2013137 (1925).","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"988","volume":"45","author":"Fung S-T C","year":"1960","unstructured":"S-T C Fung, J W Gowen Genetics 45, 988\u2013989 (1960).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/41.2.189","volume":"41","author":"Sandler L","year":"1956","unstructured":"L Sandler, E Novitski Genetics 41, 189\u2013193 (1956).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.41.12.1071","volume":"41","author":"Krivshenko J D","year":"1955","unstructured":"J D Krivshenko Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 41, 1071\u20131079 (1955).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/44.6.1027","volume":"44","author":"Krivshenko J D","year":"1959","unstructured":"J D Krivshenko Genetics 44, 1027\u20131040 (1959).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80193-8","volume":"4","author":"Franke A","year":"1999","unstructured":"A Franke, B S Baker Mol Cell 4, 117\u2013122 (1999).","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(99)01855-7","volume":"15","author":"Stuckenholz C","year":"1999","unstructured":"C Stuckenholz, Y Kageyama, M I Kuroda Trends Genet 15, 454\u2013458 (1999).","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81979-0","volume":"98","author":"Kelley R","year":"1999","unstructured":"R Kelley, V Meller, P Gordadze, G Roman, R Davis, M I Kuroda Cell 98, 513\u2013522 (1999).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","volume-title":"The Genome of Drosophila Melanogaster","author":"Lindsley D L","year":"1992","unstructured":"D L Lindsley, G G Zimm The Genome of Drosophila Melanogaster (Academic, New York, 1992)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.1.75","volume":"128","author":"Poux S","year":"2000","unstructured":"S Poux, D McCabe, V Pirrotta Development (Cambridge, UK) 128, 75\u201385 (2000).","journal-title":"Development (Cambridge, UK)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Drosophila, a Practical Approach","author":"Spradling A C","year":"1986","unstructured":"A C Spradling Drosophila, a Practical Approach, ed D B Roberts (IRL, Oxford), pp. 175\u2013197 (1986)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","volume-title":"Dissertation","author":"Chen J D","year":"1992","unstructured":"J D Chen Dissertation (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 1992)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00364721","volume":"103","author":"Heino T","year":"1994","unstructured":"T Heino Chromosoma 103, 4\u201315 (1994).","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s004120050387","volume":"108","author":"Locke J","year":"1999","unstructured":"J Locke, L T Howard, N Aippersbach, L Podemski, R B Hodgetts Chromosoma 108, 356\u2013366 (1999).","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199636617.003.0007","volume-title":"Drosophila, a Practical Approach","author":"White R A H","year":"1998","unstructured":"R A H White Drosophila, a Practical Approach, ed D B Roberts (IRL, Oxford), pp. 215\u2013240 (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2443.1996.26027.x","volume":"1","author":"Richter L","year":"1996","unstructured":"L Richter, J R Bone, M I Kuroda Genes Cells 1, 325\u2013336 (1996).","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.1.85","volume":"27","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nucleic Acids Res 27, 85\u201388 (1999).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","first-page":"170","volume":"50","author":"James T C","year":"1989","unstructured":"T C James, J C Eissenberg, C Craig, V Dietrich, A Hobson, S C Elgin Eur J Cell Biol 50, 170\u2013180 (1989).","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80138-4","volume":"7","author":"Lee J T","year":"1997","unstructured":"J T Lee, R Jaenisch Curr Opin Genet Dev 7, 274\u2013280 (1997).","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000014969","volume":"80","author":"Lyon M F","year":"1998","unstructured":"M F Lyon Cytogenet Cell Genet 80, 133\u2013137 (1998).","journal-title":"Cytogenet Cell Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6634","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.12.6634","volume":"97","author":"Bailey J A","year":"2000","unstructured":"J A Bailey, L Carrel, A Chakravarti, E E Eichler Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 6634\u20136639 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.111581298","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T05:13:19Z","timestamp":1704345199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.111581298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.111581298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.111581298","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2000-12-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2001-05-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}