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We propose that the discrepancy is accounted for by the observer\u2019s \u201cinherent expertise bias,\u201d a type of experimental bias in which the observer\u2019s life-long experience with interpreting the sensory world overcomes perceptual ambiguities and biases experimental outcomes. By controlling for this and all other known biases, we show that perceived contrast peaks at durations of 50\u2013100 ms, and we conclude that the Broca\u2013Sulzer effect best describes human temporal vision. We also show that the plateau in perceived brightness with stimulus duration, described by Bloch\u2019s law, is a previously uncharacterized type of temporal brightness constancy that, like classical constancy effects, serves to enhance object recognition across varied lighting conditions in natural vision\u2014although this is a constancy effect that normalizes perception across temporal modulation conditions. A practical outcome of this study is that tuning light-emitting devices to match the temporal dynamics of the human visual system\u2019s temporal response function will result in significant power savings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213170109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,13]],"date-time":"2012-11-13T18:32:23Z","timestamp":1352831543000},"page":"19828-19833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Optimizing the temporal dynamics of light to human perception"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Hector","family":"Rieiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aNeurobiology and"},{"name":"Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013;"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Martinez-Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aNeurobiology and"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Danielson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aNeurobiology and"},{"name":"Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013;"}]},{"given":"Jose L.","family":"Pardo-Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}]},{"given":"Nishit","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aNeurobiology and"},{"name":"Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013;"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Macknik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aNeurobiology and"},{"name":"Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013;"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2716-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"; U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Lighting Market Characterization. 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