{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T08:23:17Z","timestamp":1778142197309,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"26","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been argued recently that the initial dispersal of anatomically modern humans from Africa to southern Asia occurred before the volcanic \u201csupereruption\u201d of the Mount Toba volcano (Sumatra) at \u223c74,000 y before present (B.P.)\u2014possibly as early as 120,000 y B.P. We show here that this \u201cpre-Toba\u201d dispersal model is in serious conflict with both the most recent genetic evidence from both Africa and Asia and the archaeological evidence from South Asian sites. We present an alternative model based on a combination of genetic analyses and recent archaeological evidence from South Asia and Africa. These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia \u223c60\u201350 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and \u201cbacked-segment\u201d technologies analogous to the African \u201cHowiesons Poort\u201d and related technologies, together with a range of distinctively \u201cmodern\u201d cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of \u201carchaic\u201d Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1306043110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]],"date-time":"2013-06-11T04:02:47Z","timestamp":1370923367000},"page":"10699-10704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":264,"title":["Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Mellars","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Department of Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom;"}]},{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom;"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeogenetics Research Group, Division of Biology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and"}]},{"given":"Pedro A.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Martin B.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeogenetics Research Group, Division of Biology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; and"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1141564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810842106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X0009846X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2010.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03014461003639249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"73","volume-title":"The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution in Global Perspective","author":"Haslam M","year":"2010","unstructured":"M Haslam, et al., Indian lithic technology prior to the 74,000 BP Toba super-eruption. 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