{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T07:54:20Z","timestamp":1778399660987,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>In New Zealand, nine species of moa (large, wingless ratite birds) went extinct shortly after Polynesian settlement. In this study, we characterize the gene pools of four moa species during the final 4,000 y of their existence and gain new insights into moa biology and their population sizes. Our analyses show that moa populations were large and viable prior to human arrival in New Zealand, and their demise therefore represents a striking example of human overexploitation of megafauna.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314972111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]],"date-time":"2014-03-18T05:41:09Z","timestamp":1395121269000},"page":"4922-4927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Extinct New Zealand megafauna were not in decline before human colonization"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Morten Erik","family":"Allentoft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen,1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;"},{"name":"Ancient DNA Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;"}]},{"given":"Rasmus","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen \u00d8, Denmark;"},{"name":"Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia, 6 P-2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Charlotte L.","family":"Oskam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ancient DNA Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;"}]},{"given":"Eline D.","family":"Lorenzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen,1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;"}]},{"given":"Marie L.","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;"}]},{"given":"M. Thomas P.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen,1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Jacomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Pacific Archaeological Research, Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;"}]},{"given":"Richard N.","family":"Holdaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;"},{"name":"Palaecol Research Ltd., Hornby, Christchurch 8042, New Zealand; and"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bunce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ancient DNA Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;"},{"name":"Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059342","article-title":"A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction","volume":"292","author":"Alroy J","year":"2001","unstructured":"J Alroy, A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction. Science 292, 1893\u20131896 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415","article-title":"Late quaternary extinctions: State of the debate","volume":"37","author":"Koch PL","year":"2006","unstructured":"PL Koch, AD Barnosky, Late quaternary extinctions: State of the debate. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37, 215\u2013250 (2006).","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02890","article-title":"Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth","volume":"431","author":"Stuart AJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"AJ Stuart, PA Kosintsev, TFG Higham, AM Lister, Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth. Nature 431, 684\u2013689 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10574","article-title":"Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans","volume":"479","author":"Lorenzen ED","year":"2011","unstructured":"ED Lorenzen, et al., Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans. Nature 479, 359\u2013364 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1101074","article-title":"Rise and fall of the Beringian steppe bison","volume":"306","author":"Shapiro B","year":"2004","unstructured":"B Shapiro, et al., Rise and fall of the Beringian steppe bison. Science 306, 1561\u20131565 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907189107","article-title":"Ancient DNA analyses exclude humans as the driving force behind late Pleistocene musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) population dynamics","volume":"107","author":"Campos PF","year":"2010","unstructured":"PF Campos, et al., Ancient DNA analyses exclude humans as the driving force behind late Pleistocene musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) population dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107, 5675\u20135680 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","first-page":"20131910","article-title":"Holarctic genetic structure and range dynamics in the woolly mammoth","volume":"280","author":"Palkopoulou E","year":"2013","unstructured":"E Palkopoulou, et al., Holarctic genetic structure and range dynamics in the woolly mammoth. Proc Biol Sci 280, 20131910 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"718","volume-title":"The Lost World of the Moa","author":"Worthy TH","year":"2002","unstructured":"TH Worthy, RN Holdaway The Lost World of the Moa (Canterbury Univ Press, Christchurch, New Zealand), pp. 718 (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(89)90062-9","article-title":"Mechanics of overkill in the extinction of New-Zealand moas","volume":"16","author":"Anderson A","year":"1989","unstructured":"A Anderson, Mechanics of overkill in the extinction of New-Zealand moas. J Archaeol Sci 16, 137\u2013151 (1989).","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5461.2250","article-title":"Rapid extinction of the moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, test, and implications","volume":"287","author":"Holdaway RN","year":"2000","unstructured":"RN Holdaway, C Jacomb, Rapid extinction of the moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, test, and implications. Science 287, 2250\u20132254 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20646","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906660106","article-title":"The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography","volume":"106","author":"Bunce M","year":"2009","unstructured":"M Bunce, et al., The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106, 20646\u201320651 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00088360","article-title":"Dating the first New Zealanders: The chronology of Wairau Bar","volume":"73","author":"Higham T","year":"1999","unstructured":"T Higham, A Anderson, C Jacomb, Dating the first New Zealanders: The chronology of Wairau Bar. Antiquity 73, 420\u2013427 (1999).","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","first-page":"2589","article-title":"Molecular and morphological analyses of avian eggshell excavated from a late thirteenth century earth oven","volume":"38","author":"Oskam CL","year":"2011","unstructured":"CL Oskam, et al., Molecular and morphological analyses of avian eggshell excavated from a late thirteenth century earth oven. J Archaeol Sci 38, 2589\u20132595 (2011).","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","volume-title":"Prodigious Birds","author":"Anderson A","year":"1989","unstructured":"A Anderson Prodigious Birds (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK, 1989)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"New Zealand's pre-human avifauna and its vulnerability","volume":"12","author":"Holdaway RN","year":"1989","unstructured":"RN Holdaway, New Zealand's pre-human avifauna and its vulnerability. N Z J Ecol 12, 11\u201325 (1989).","journal-title":"N Z J Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/384225b0","article-title":"Arrival of rats in New Zealand","volume":"384","author":"Holdaway RN","year":"1996","unstructured":"RN Holdaway, Arrival of rats in New Zealand. Nature 384, 225\u2013226 (1996).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683609336563","article-title":"Rapid deforestation of South Island, New Zealand, by early Polynesian fires","volume":"19","author":"McWethy DB","year":"2009","unstructured":"DB McWethy, C Whitlock, JM Wilmshurst, MS McGlone, X Li, Rapid deforestation of South Island, New Zealand, by early Polynesian fires. Holocene 19, 883\u2013897 (2009).","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7676","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801507105","article-title":"Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat","volume":"105","author":"Wilmshurst JM","year":"2008","unstructured":"JM Wilmshurst, AJ Anderson, TFG Higham, TH Worthy, Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105, 7676\u20137680 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S430","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2004.0234","article-title":"Moa were many","volume":"271","author":"Gemmell NJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"NJ Gemmell, MK Schwartz, BC Robertson, Moa were many. Proc Biol Sci 271, S430\u2013S432 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16670","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016670","article-title":"Profiling the dead: Generating microsatellite data from fossil bones of extinct megafauna\u2014protocols, problems, and prospects","volume":"6","author":"Allentoft ME","year":"2011","unstructured":"ME Allentoft, et al., Profiling the dead: Generating microsatellite data from fossil bones of extinct megafauna\u2014protocols, problems, and prospects. PLoS ONE 6, e16670 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2144\/000113086","article-title":"Identification of microsatellites from an extinct moa species using high-throughput (454) sequence data","volume":"46","author":"Allentoft ME","year":"2009","unstructured":"ME Allentoft, et al., Identification of microsatellites from an extinct moa species using high-throughput (454) sequence data. Biotechniques 46, 195\u2013200 (2009).","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-7-214","article-title":"BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees","volume":"7","author":"Drummond AJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"AJ Drummond, A Rambaut, BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol Biol 7, 214 (2007).","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0962-1083.2001.01356.x","article-title":"Post-bottleneck genetic diversity of elephant populations in South Africa, revealed using microsatellite analysis","volume":"10","author":"Whitehouse AM","year":"2001","unstructured":"AM Whitehouse, EH Harley, Post-bottleneck genetic diversity of elephant populations in South Africa, revealed using microsatellite analysis. Mol Ecol 10, 2139\u20132149 (2001).","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05525.x","article-title":"Microsatellite genotyping reveals end-Pleistocene decline in mammoth autosomal genetic variation","volume":"21","author":"Nystr\u00f6m V","year":"2012","unstructured":"V Nystr\u00f6m, et al., Microsatellite genotyping reveals end-Pleistocene decline in mammoth autosomal genetic variation. Mol Ecol 21, 3391\u20133402 (2012).","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16717","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502281102","article-title":"Microevolution and mega-icebergs in the Antarctic","volume":"102","author":"Shepherd LD","year":"2005","unstructured":"LD Shepherd, et al., Microevolution and mega-icebergs in the Antarctic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102, 16717\u201316722 (2005).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2006.00632.x","article-title":"Analysis of museum specimens suggests extreme genetic drift in the adonis blue butterfly (Polyommatus bellargus)","volume":"88","author":"Harper GL","year":"2006","unstructured":"GL Harper, N Maclean, D Goulson, Analysis of museum specimens suggests extreme genetic drift in the adonis blue butterfly (Polyommatus bellargus). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 88, 447\u2013452 (2006).","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc Lond"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","first-page":"552","article-title":"Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences","volume":"9","author":"Rogers AR","year":"1992","unstructured":"AR Rogers, H Harpending, Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Mol Biol Evol 9, 552\u2013569 (1992).","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/129.2.555","article-title":"Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations","volume":"129","author":"Slatkin M","year":"1991","unstructured":"M Slatkin, RR Hudson, Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations. Genetics 129, 555\u2013562 (1991).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syp028","article-title":"Time dependency of molecular rates in ancient DNA data sets, a sampling artifact?","volume":"58","author":"Debruyne R","year":"2009","unstructured":"R Debruyne, HN Poinar, Time dependency of molecular rates in ancient DNA data sets, a sampling artifact? Syst Biol 58, 348\u2013360 (2009).","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005541","article-title":"Using classical population genetics tools with heterochroneous data: Time matters!","volume":"4","author":"Depaulis F","year":"2009","unstructured":"F Depaulis, L Orlando, C H\u00e4nni, Using classical population genetics tools with heterochroneous data: Time matters! PLoS ONE 4, e5541 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.07.004","article-title":"The effect of climate and environmental change on the megafaunal moa of New Zealand in the absence of humans","volume":"50","author":"Rawlence NJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"NJ Rawlence, et al., The effect of climate and environmental change on the megafaunal moa of New Zealand in the absence of humans. Quaternary Science Reviews 50, 141\u2013153 (2012).","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.04.002","article-title":"Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand","volume":"194","author":"Allentoft ME","year":"2012","unstructured":"ME Allentoft, NJ Rawlence, Moa's Ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand. Ann Anat 194, 36\u201351 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16910","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1307700110","article-title":"Resolving lost herbivore community structure using coprolites of four sympatric moa species (Aves: Dinornithiformes)","volume":"110","author":"Wood JR","year":"2013","unstructured":"JR Wood, et al., Resolving lost herbivore community structure using coprolites of four sympatric moa species (Aves: Dinornithiformes). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110, 16910\u201316915 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","first-page":"169","volume-title":"The Natural History of North Canterbury","author":"Moar NT","year":"2008","unstructured":"NT Moar, Late quaternary vegetation. The Natural History of North Canterbury, eds MJ Winterbourn, GA Knox, CJ Burrows, ID Marsden (Canterbury Univ Press, Christchurch, New Zealand), pp. 169\u2013192 (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yqres.2004.09.003","article-title":"Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic history of the Cass basin, central south island, New Zealand","volume":"62","author":"McGlone MS","year":"2004","unstructured":"MS McGlone, CSM Turney, JM Wilmshurst, Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic history of the Cass basin, central south island, New Zealand. Quat Res 62, 267\u2013279 (2004).","journal-title":"Quat Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03635","article-title":"Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa","volume":"435","author":"Turvey ST","year":"2005","unstructured":"ST Turvey, OR Green, RN Holdaway, Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa. Nature 435, 940\u2013943 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2009.11.022","article-title":"Highly skewed sex ratios and biased fossil deposition of moa: Ancient DNA provides new insight on New Zealand's extinct megafauna","volume":"29","author":"Allentoft ME","year":"2010","unstructured":"ME Allentoft, M Bunce, RP Scofield, ML Hale, RN Holdaway, Highly skewed sex ratios and biased fossil deposition of moa: Ancient DNA provides new insight on New Zealand's extinct megafauna. Quat Sci Rev 29, 753\u2013762 (2010).","journal-title":"Quat Sci Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01871","article-title":"Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis","volume":"425","author":"Bunce M","year":"2003","unstructured":"M Bunce, et al., Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis. Nature 425, 172\u2013175 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01838","article-title":"Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa","volume":"425","author":"Huynen L","year":"2003","unstructured":"L Huynen, CD Millar, RP Scofield, DM Lambert, Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa. Nature 425, 175\u2013178 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/03036758.1993.10721222","article-title":"Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in the Punakaiki area, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand","volume":"23","author":"Worthy TH","year":"1993","unstructured":"TH Worthy, RN Holdaway, Quaternary fossil faunas from caves in the Punakaiki area, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 23, 147\u2013254 (1993).","journal-title":"J R Soc N Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2011.09.025","article-title":"Palaeocirculation across New Zealand during the last glacial maximum at similar to 21 ka","volume":"36","author":"Lorrey AM","year":"2012","unstructured":"AM Lorrey, et al., Palaeocirculation across New Zealand during the last glacial maximum at similar to 21 ka. Quat Sci Rev 36, 189\u2013213 (2012).","journal-title":"Quat Sci Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/03014223.1997.9518107","article-title":"A reappraisal of the late quaternary fossil vertebrates of Pyramid Valley Swamp, North Canterbury, New Zealand","volume":"24","author":"Holdaway RN","year":"1997","unstructured":"RN Holdaway, TH Worthy, A reappraisal of the late quaternary fossil vertebrates of Pyramid Valley Swamp, North Canterbury, New Zealand. NZ J Zool 24, 69\u2013121 (1997).","journal-title":"NZ J Zool"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/03014223.1996.9517514","article-title":"Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and palaeofaunal reconstruction in north Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand","volume":"26","author":"Worthy TH","year":"1996","unstructured":"TH Worthy, RN Holdaway, Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and palaeofaunal reconstruction in north Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 26, 275\u2013361 (1996).","journal-title":"J R Soc N Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/03036758.2011.574821","article-title":"A molecular characterisation of a newly discovered megafaunal fossil site in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand","volume":"42","author":"Allentoft ME","year":"2012","unstructured":"ME Allentoft, et al., A molecular characterisation of a newly discovered megafaunal fossil site in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 42, 241\u2013256 (2012).","journal-title":"J R Soc N Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","first-page":"4724","article-title":"The half-life of DNA in bone: Measuring decay kinetics in 158 dated fossils","volume":"279","author":"Allentoft ME","year":"2012","unstructured":"ME Allentoft, et al., The half-life of DNA in bone: Measuring decay kinetics in 158 dated fossils. Proc Biol Sci 279, 4724\u20134733 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","unstructured":"AJ Drummond et al. Geneious (Biomatters Auckland) Version 5.1. (2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp187","article-title":"DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data","volume":"25","author":"Librado P","year":"2009","unstructured":"P Librado, J Rozas, DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 25, 1451\u20131452 (2009).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x","article-title":"GENALEX 6: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research","volume":"6","author":"Peakall R","year":"2006","unstructured":"R Peakall, PE Smouse, GENALEX 6: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes 6, 288\u2013295 (2006).","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Notes"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure","volume":"38","author":"Weir BS","year":"1984","unstructured":"BS Weir, CC Cockerham, Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38, 1358\u20131370 (1984).","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.x","article-title":"genepop\u2019007: A complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux","volume":"8","author":"Rousset F","year":"2008","unstructured":"F Rousset, genepop\u2019007: A complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux. Mol Ecol Resour 8, 103\u2013106 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2004.00684.x","article-title":"MICRO-CHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data","volume":"4","author":"Van Oosterhout C","year":"2004","unstructured":"C Van Oosterhout, WF Hutchinson, DPM Wills, P Shipley, MICRO-CHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology Notes 4, 535\u2013538 (2004).","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology Notes"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945","article-title":"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data","volume":"155","author":"Pritchard JK","year":"2000","unstructured":"JK Pritchard, M Stephens, P Donnelly, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155, 945\u2013959 (2000).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","unstructured":"J Goudet FSTAT a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices Version 2.9.3. Available at www.unil.ch\/izea\/softwares\/fstat. Accessed August 7 2013. (2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn083","article-title":"jModelTest: Phylogenetic model averaging","volume":"25","author":"Posada D","year":"2008","unstructured":"D Posada, jModelTest: Phylogenetic model averaging. Mol Biol Evol 25, 1253\u20131256 (2008).","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"New look at statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike H","year":"1974","unstructured":"H Akaike, New look at statistical model identification. Transactions on Automatic Control 19, 716\u2013723 (1974).","journal-title":"Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Rambaut A Drummond Tracer. Available at http:\/\/beast.bio.ed.ac.uk\/Tracer. Accessed August 7 2013. (2007).","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-7-214"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/03036758.2011.559663","article-title":"New palaeontological data from the excavation of the Late Glacial Glencrieff miring bone deposit, North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand","volume":"41","author":"Rawlence NJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"NJ Rawlence, et al., New palaeontological data from the excavation of the Late Glacial Glencrieff miring bone deposit, North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 41, 217\u2013236 (2011).","journal-title":"J R Soc N Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","unstructured":"Jeffreys H (1961) The Theory of Probability (Oxford Univ Press Oxford) 3rd Ed."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1314972111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T10:57:38Z","timestamp":1654599458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1314972111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1314972111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1314972111","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-03-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}