{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T18:15:19Z","timestamp":1776536119739,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>One of the greatest challenges in addressing global environmental problems such as climate change, which involves public goods and common-pool resources, is achieving cooperation among peoples. There are great disparities in wealth among nations, and this heterogeneity can make agreements much more difficult to achieve (e.g., regarding implementation of climate change mitigation). This paper incorporates wealth inequality into a public goods dilemma, including an asymmetric distribution of wealth representative of existing inequalities among nations. Without homophily (imitation of like agents), inequality actually makes cooperation easier to achieve; homophily, however, can undercut this, leading to collapse because poor agents may contribute less. Understanding such effects may enhance the ability to achieve agreements on climate change and other issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323479111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]],"date-time":"2014-01-28T05:29:52Z","timestamp":1390886992000},"page":"2212-2216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Climate policies under wealth inequality"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"V\u00edtor V.","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applications of Theoretical Physics Group, Centro de Matem\u00e1tica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es Fundamentais, Instituto para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar, P-1649-003 Lisbon Codex, Portugal;"},{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica da Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;"},{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento (INESC-ID) and Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Taguspark, 2744-016 Porto Salvo, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Francisco C.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applications of Theoretical Physics Group, Centro de Matem\u00e1tica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es Fundamentais, Instituto para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar, P-1649-003 Lisbon Codex, Portugal;"},{"name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento (INESC-ID) and Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Taguspark, 2744-016 Porto Salvo, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Jorge M.","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applications of Theoretical Physics Group, Centro de Matem\u00e1tica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es Fundamentais, Instituto para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar, P-1649-003 Lisbon Codex, Portugal;"},{"name":"Departamento de Matem\u00e1tica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;"},{"name":"Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental (CBMA), Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Simon A.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003;"},{"name":"University Fellow, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 20036; and"},{"name":"Fellow, Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"747","volume-title":"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. 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