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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The dinoflagellate genus\n            <jats:italic>Symbiodinium<\/jats:italic>\n            is best known for harboring important endosymbiotic algae of marine invertebrates, notably reef-building corals. However, these dinoflagellates also live freely within coral reef waters and sediments and provide an important environmental pool for the colonization of new coral recruits. Although\n            <jats:italic>Symbiodinium<\/jats:italic>\n            facilitate coral calcification indirectly when\n            <jats:italic>in hospite<\/jats:italic>\n            , we show that they also can calcify in partnership with bacteria when free living. This discovery offers entirely new perspectives on fundamental questions regarding the life cycle and ecology of these dinoflagellates and could help explain how changes in ocean chemistry created a selective pressure that ultimately led\n            <jats:italic>Symbiodinium<\/jats:italic>\n            to establish an endosymbiotic life style. To our knowledge, our findings document the first identified dinoflagellate\u2013bacterial calcifying community.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1420991112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,30]],"date-time":"2015-04-30T21:24:52Z","timestamp":1430429092000},"page":"6158-6163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Coral symbiotic algae calcify\n            <i>ex hospite<\/i>\n            in partnership with bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7399-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg C.","family":"Frommlet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology,"},{"name":"Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM),"}]},{"given":"Maria L.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology,"},{"name":"Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM),"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology,"},{"name":"Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM),"}]},{"given":"Sandra I.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Section of Health Sciences,"},{"name":"Center for Cell Biology, and"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine, Santiago Campus, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; and"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Suggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Plant Biology &amp; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ser\u00f4dio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology,"},{"name":"Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM),"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"135","article-title":"Microalgal-invertebrate symbioses: A review","volume":"9","author":"Trench RK","year":"1993","unstructured":"RK Trench, Microalgal-invertebrate symbioses: A review. 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