{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T20:01:26Z","timestamp":1773086486281,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"37","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":183,"URL":"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/site\/aboutpnas\/licenses.xhtml"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Islands are hotspots of alien species invasions, and their distinct biodiversity is particularly vulnerable to invading species. While isolation has shaped natural colonization of islands for millions of years, globalization in trade and transport has led to a breakdown of biogeographical barriers and subsequent colonization of islands by alien species. Using a large dataset of 257 subtropical and tropical islands, we show that alien richness increases with increasing isolation of islands. This pattern is consistent for plants, ants, mammals, and reptiles, and it cannot simply be explained by island economics and trade alone. Geographical isolation does not protect islands from alien species, and island species richness may reach a new dynamic equilibrium at some point, likely at the expense of many endemic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804179115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]],"date-time":"2018-08-29T19:26:30Z","timestamp":1535570790000},"page":"9270-9275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":165,"title":["Remoteness promotes biological invasions on islands worldwide"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Moser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria;"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Lenzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria;"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Weigelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom;"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Kreft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Pergl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Pr\u016fhonice, Czech Republic;"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Py\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Pr\u016fhonice, Czech Republic;"},{"name":"Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic;"},{"name":"Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany &amp; Zoology, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Matieland, South Africa;"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"van Kleunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, 318000 Taizhou, China;"}]},{"given":"Marten","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Capinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos (CIBIO\/InBIO), Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal;"},{"name":"Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Museumsmeile Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany;"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Cassey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Conservation Science and Technology, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Dullinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria;"}]},{"given":"Evan P.","family":"Economo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, 904-0495 Okinawa, Japan;"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Garc\u00eda-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Conservation Science and Technology, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;"},{"name":"Manaaki Whenua\u2013Landcare Research, 7640 Lincoln, New Zealand;"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Gu\u00e9nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, 904-0495 Okinawa, Japan;"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Hofhansl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria;"},{"name":"Ecosystem Services and Management Program, International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria;"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Mang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8993-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanno","family":"Seebens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Essl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria;"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810306106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"The Theory of Island Biogeography","author":"MacArthur R","year":"1967","unstructured":"R MacArthur, EO Wilson The Theory of Island Biogeography (Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, 1967)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2008.01892.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1306309110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","volume-title":"Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation","author":"Whittaker RJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"RJ Whittaker, JM Fern\u00e1ndez-Palacios Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation (Oxford Univ Press, London, 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12617"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002314107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12232-015-0238-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2009.00594.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7214-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"87","article-title":"Why do introduced species appear to devastate islands more than mainland areas?","volume":"49","author":"Simberloff D","year":"1995","unstructured":"D Simberloff, Why do introduced species appear to devastate islands more than mainland areas? Pac Sci 49, 87\u201397 (1995).","journal-title":"Pac Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3298531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2007.00361.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2008.00469.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"World Bank (2015) Dataset: GDP per capita (current US$). World Bank Natl accounts data OECD Natl Accounts data files. Available at https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD. Accessed April 8 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2012.07669.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcs100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","volume-title":"Introduced Animals and Extinctions. Conservation for the Twenty-First Century","author":"Atkinson IAE","year":"1989","unstructured":"IAE Atkinson Introduced Animals and Extinctions. Conservation for the Twenty-First Century (Oxford Univ Press, New York, 1989)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2000)081[1959:IATEIP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.3019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02499-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2005.0433"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2004)002[0436:NWISAT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2004.01116.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.67.2.529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2000942"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00536.x","article-title":"Are species-area relationships from entire archipelagos congruent with those of their constituent islands?","volume":"19","author":"Santos AMC","year":"2010","unstructured":"AMC Santos, , Are species-area relationships from entire archipelagos congruent with those of their constituent islands? Glob Ecol Biogeogr 19, 527\u2013540 (2010).","journal-title":"Glob Ecol Biogeogr"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2007.00686.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2011.06956.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2012.01407.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","volume-title":"World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions","author":"Brummitt RK","year":"2001","unstructured":"RK Brummitt World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (Carnegie Mellon University, 2nd Ed, Pittsburgh, 2001).","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10887-014-9105-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","unstructured":"; United Nations Statistics Division Dataset: Per capita GDP at current prices\u2013US dollars. Natl Accounts Estim Main Aggregates. Available at data.un.org\/Data.aspx?q=gdp+per+capita&d=SNAAMA&f=grID%3a101%3bcurrID%3aUSD%3bpcFlag%3a1. Accessed April 8 2016. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520932722"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/10-0340.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","unstructured":"ON Bjornstad ncf: Spatial Nonparametric Covariance Functions. R Package Version 1.1-7. Available at https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ncf\/index.html. Accessed July 28 2016. (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.03.009"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.1804179115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T18:47:57Z","timestamp":1720550877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1804179115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"37","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.1804179115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1804179115","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}