{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T22:13:09Z","timestamp":1773958389610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Lions are one of the world\u2019s most iconic megafauna, yet little is known about their temporal and spatial demographic history and population differentiation. We analyzed a genomic dataset of 20 specimens: two\n            <jats:italic>ca.<\/jats:italic>\n            30,000-y-old cave lions (\n            <jats:italic>Panthera leo spelaea<\/jats:italic>\n            ), 12 historic lions (\n            <jats:italic>Panthera leo leo\/Panthera leo melanochaita<\/jats:italic>\n            ) that lived between the 15th and 20th centuries outside the current geographic distribution of lions, and 6 present-day lions from Africa and India. We found that cave and modern lions shared an ancestor\n            <jats:italic>ca.<\/jats:italic>\n            500,000 y ago and that the 2 lineages likely did not hybridize following their divergence. Within modern lions, we found 2 main lineages that diverged\n            <jats:italic>ca.<\/jats:italic>\n            70,000 y ago, with clear evidence of subsequent gene flow. Our data also reveal a nearly complete absence of genetic diversity within Indian lions, probably due to well-documented extremely low effective population sizes in the recent past. Our results contribute toward the understanding of the evolutionary history of lions and complement conservation efforts to protect the diversity of this vulnerable species.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1919423117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T00:25:38Z","timestamp":1588638338000},"page":"10927-10934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1245-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"de Manuel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4023-0284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Sandoval-Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6492-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8464-7770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Garrett Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;"}]},{"given":"M. Lisandra","family":"Zepeda Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;"},{"name":"School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0019-619X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2010-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael D.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) University Museum, 7012 Trondheim, Norway;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1371-219X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikkel-Holger S.","family":"Sinding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1119-0519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah S. T.","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Car\u00f8e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;"}]},{"given":"Shanlin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;"},{"name":"BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China;"}]},{"given":"Chunxue","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China;"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China;"},{"name":"BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518083 Shenzhen, China;"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Zazula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yukon Palaeontology Program, Department of Tourism and Culture, Government of Yukon, Y1A 2C6 Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada;"}]},{"given":"Gennady","family":"Baryshnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9658-0999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Eizirik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Escola de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade e da Vida, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil;"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia - Ecologia Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o e Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Biodiversidade (INCT-EECBio), Goi\u00e2nia, GO 74690-900, Brazil;"},{"name":"Instituto Pr\u00f3-Carn\u00edvoros, Atibaia, SP 12945-010, Brazil;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7281-0676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus-Peter","family":"Koepfli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5954-186X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren E.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA 22630;"},{"name":"The Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD 20746-2863;"},{"name":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-1732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostinho","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR\/CIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6615-1141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Sicheritz-Ponten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST), 08100 Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia;"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Gopalakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4092-0392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greger","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, OX1 3QY Oxford, United Kingdom;"}]},{"given":"Huanming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China;"},{"name":"James D. Watson Institute of Genome Science, 310008 Hangzhou, China;"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Center for Computer Technologies, ITMO (Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics) University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia;"},{"name":"Guy Harvey Oceanographic Center Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33004;"}]},{"given":"Anders J.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for GeoGenetics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark;"}]},{"given":"Guojie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Shenzhen, China;"},{"name":"Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223 Kunming, China;"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Marques-Bonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;"},{"name":"Centre Nacional d'An\u00e0lisi Gen\u00f2mica, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CNAG-CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;"},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats (ICREA), 08003 Barcelona, Spain;"},{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5805-7195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Thomas P.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;"},{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) University Museum, 7012 Trondheim, Norway;"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836904005242","article-title":"Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (Panthera leo): A review","volume":"263","author":"Yamaguchi N.","year":"2004","unstructured":"N. Yamaguchi, A. Cooper, L. Werdelin, D. W. Macdonald, Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (Panthera leo): A review. J. Zool. 263, 329\u2013342 (2004).","journal-title":"J. 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