{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T07:36:21Z","timestamp":1777793781959,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The Orcadian Neolithic has been intensively studied and celebrated as a major center of cultural innovation, whereas the Bronze Age is less well known and often regarded as a time of stagnation and insularity. Here, we analyze ancient genomes from the Orcadian Bronze Age in the context of the variation in Neolithic Orkney and Bronze Age Europe. We find clear evidence for Early Bronze Age immigration into Orkney, but with an extraordinary pattern: continuity from the Neolithic on the male line of descent but immigration from continental Europe on the female side, echoed in the genome-wide picture. This suggests that despite substantial immigration, indigenous male lineages persisted for at least a thousand years after the end of the Neolithic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2108001119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T21:25:41Z","timestamp":1644269141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Ancient DNA at the edge of the world: Continental immigration and the persistence of Neolithic male lineages in Bronze Age Orkney"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3938-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Dulias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Geosysteme und Bioindikation, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"given":"M. George B.","family":"Foody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Justeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3756-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0216-778X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Martiniano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Oteo-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fichera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2323-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sim\u00e3o","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United 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Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7875-4502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Aitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom"}]},{"name":"The Scottish Genomes Partnership","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1517-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Chamberlain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Lelong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Business and Innovation, University of West England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kozikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private address, Broadford, Isle of Skye IV49 9BB, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0935-0739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic","family":"Powlesland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom"},{"name":"The Landscape Research Centre Ltd, Malton YO17 8SL, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6318-5650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive","family":"Waddington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeological Research Services Ltd, Bakewell DE45 1HB, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9785-1714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Mattiangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 VF25, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 VF25, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2791-9709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslaw","family":"Bryk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2807-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7934-3692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graeme","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Archaeology Services, Midbea Schoolhouse, Westray, Orkney KW17 2DP, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6645-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazel","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Archaeology Services, Midbea Schoolhouse, Westray, Orkney KW17 2DP, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9126-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ceiridwen 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V","family":"Biankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Santoyo-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108386029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315718866"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"Gathering Time: Dating the Early Neolithic Enclosures of Southern Britain and Ireland","author":"Bayliss A.","year":"2011","unstructured":"A. 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Downes \u00a0 ScARF 2012 Panel Report: Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: Case Study: Impact of the Environment: Orkney \u00a0(Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 2012). https:\/\/scarf.scot\/national\/scarf-bronze-age-panel-report\/bronze-age-case-studies\/case-study-impact-of-the-environment-orkney\/. Accessed 8 January 2022.","DOI":"10.9750\/scarf.09.2012.184"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","volume-title":"The Environmental Context of Prehistoric Human Activity in Orkney","author":"Farrell M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"M. Farrell, The Environmental Context of Prehistoric Human Activity in Orkney (University of Hull, Scotland, 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","volume-title":"Investigations in Sanday, Orkney Vol. 2: Tofts Ness, Sanday \u2013 An Island Landscape through 3000 Years of Prehistory","author":"Dockrill S. J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"S. J. Dockrill, J. M. Bond, A. N. Smith, R. A. Nicholson, Investigations in Sanday, Orkney Vol. 2: Tofts Ness, Sanday \u2013 An Island Landscape through 3000 Years of Prehistory (The Orcadian Ltd and Historic Scotland, Kirkwall, 2007)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Sands of time: Domestic rituals at the Links of Noltland","volume":"275","author":"Moore H.","year":"2013","unstructured":"H. Moore, G. Wilson, Sands of time: Domestic rituals at the Links of Noltland. Curr. Archaeol. 275, 12\u201319 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Archaeol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","first-page":"57","article-title":"The end of the world, or just \u201cgoodbye to all that\u201d? Contextualising the red deer heap from Links of Noltland, Westray, within late 3rd-millennium cal bc Orkney","volume":"146","author":"Clarke D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"D. Clarke ., The end of the world, or just \u201cgoodbye to all that\u201d? 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Ringbauer J. Novembre M. Steinr\u00fccken Parental relatedness through time revealed by runs of homozygosity in ancient DNA. Nat Commun. 12 5425 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25289-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195491"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2688-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi185"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15560-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1813268116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518445113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","first-page":"6","article-title":"A Stone-Age settlement at the Braes of Rinyo, Rousay, Orkney. (First Report)","volume":"73","author":"Childe V. G.","year":"1939","unstructured":"V. G. Childe, W. G. Grant, A Stone-Age settlement at the Braes of Rinyo, Rousay, Orkney. (First Report). Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotl. 73, 6\u201331 (1939).","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotl."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199804)105:4<539::AID-AJPA10>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","first-page":"81","article-title":"The extraction and analysis of ancient DNA from bone and teeth: A survey of current methodologies","volume":"3","author":"MacHugh D. E.","year":"2000","unstructured":"D. E. MacHugh, C. J. Edwards, J. F. Bailey, D. R. Bancroft, D. G. Bradley, The extraction and analysis of ancient DNA from bone and teeth: A survey of current methodologies. Anc. Biomol. 3, 81\u2013102 (2000).","journal-title":"Anc. 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