{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:15:25Z","timestamp":1781108125658,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-20-CE29-0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE29-0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Paleolithic parietal art in the Dordogne, Southwestern France, was known to present representations solely made with mineral coloring matters. We found a significant number of carbon black-based figures in the galleries of the Font-de-Gaume cave in Les Eyzies, Dordogne, Southern France [I. Reiche, Y. Coquinot, A. Trosseau, A. Maigret,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sci. Rep.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:bold>13<\/jats:bold>\n                    , 22235 (2023)]. Further reflectance imaging spectroscopy allowed a precise noninvasive discrimination between manganese- and carbon-based blacks. Consequently, in the Dordogne region, direct dating of drawn or painted lines was unlocked. Dating parietal representations can prove challenging because of the small amount of matter and the possible contaminations by other carbon sources. The sampling was conducted for radiocarbon dating on two selected figures identified as being made with carbon black: the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bison<\/jats:italic>\n                    figure HB15 (named by Breuil, today GPCarG-006), located on the left at the level of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Carrefour<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the public area of the cave, as well as on the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mask<\/jats:italic>\n                    (human or animal face, GL3D-009) on the right of the remote sector 3 of the lateral gallery. Slightly more recent than expected, the obtained dates are of 13461\u201313162 calBP for the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bison<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and of 8993\u20138590 calBP (left eye), 15981\u201315121 calBP (upper lip), and 15297\u201314246 calBP (lower lip) for the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mask<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Except for one date, these results represent the experimental confirmation of the Paleolithic age of cave art in the Font-de-Gaume cave. This study opens numerous perspectives for a more systematic dating of the parietal representations of the cavern and motivates further research of carbon black\u2013based Paleolithic parietal art in the Dordogne region.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2524751123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T19:01:06Z","timestamp":1773082866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radiocarbon dating and chemical imaging of carbon black\u2013based Paleolithic cave art in the Dordogne region (France)"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9897-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina","family":"Reiche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de d\u00e9veloppement instrumental et de m\u00e9thodologies innovantes pour les Biens Culturels (Lab-BC) Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Appui et de Recherche (UAR) 3506 CNRS-C2RMF-Chimie Paristech\/Paris Sciences et Lettres University\u2013Centre de recherche et de restauration des mus\u00e9es de France (C2RMF)","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4005-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucile","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 (LMC14), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement (LSCE), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS, Institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection (ASNR), Minist\u00e8re de la Culture, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","place":["Gif-sur-Yvette, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Caffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 (LMC14), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement (LSCE), French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), CNRS, Institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement (IRD), Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection (ASNR), Minist\u00e8re de la Culture, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","place":["Gif-sur-Yvette, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8694-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvan","family":"Coquinot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research department, Centre de recherche et de restauration des mus\u00e9es de France (C2RMF), Louvre Palace","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7974-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Alfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology","place":["Delft, the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Maigret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research department, Centre de recherche et de restauration des mus\u00e9es de France (C2RMF), Louvre Palace","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7598-8338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de d\u00e9veloppement instrumental et de m\u00e9thodologies innovantes pour les Biens Culturels (Lab-BC) Unit\u00e9 d\u2019Appui et de Recherche (UAR) 3506 CNRS-C2RMF-Chimie Paristech\/Paris Sciences et Lettres University\u2013Centre de recherche et de restauration des mus\u00e9es de France (C2RMF)","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3579-8758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre des monuments nationaux (CMN), Sites pr\u00e9historiques de la Vall\u00e9e de la V\u00e9z\u00e8re","place":["Les Eyzies, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Lescale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre des monuments nationaux (CMN), Sites pr\u00e9historiques de la Vall\u00e9e de la V\u00e9z\u00e8re","place":["Les Eyzies, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6975-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Paillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comportements humains et dynamiques culturelles au Pl\u00e9istoc\u00e8ne en Eurasie et en Afrique du Nord (ComE) team, Histoire naturelle des Humanit\u00e9s pr\u00e9historiques (HNHP) - 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