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Species occupying thermally heterogeneous open\/edge habitats, such as dry forests, behaviorally thermoregulate and have shown little to no increase in heat tolerance over the past decade. By contrast, species from thermally homogeneous closed-canopy environments are poor thermoregulators and have increased their heat tolerance by 2 \u00b0C, on average, over the same period. Seasonal comparisons, acclimation experiments, and laboratory-rearing experiments indicate that contemporary increases in heat tolerance likely reflect contributions from rapid evolutionary change and physiological plasticity. Thermal ecology, not phylogenetic or spatial proximity, is the key factor driving responses to rising temperatures. Our results consistently link organismal responses to habitat complexity and thermoregulatory behavior; we suggest that these factors are key to predicting how ectotherms respond to climate warming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2537152123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T20:01:41Z","timestamp":1793649701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermal ecology drives alternate responses to rising temperatures in Caribbean anoles"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5323-6752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sa\u00fal F.","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Guerrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03v76x132","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University","place":["New Haven"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03v76x132","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University","place":["New Haven"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke L.","family":"Bodensteiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03v76x132","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University","place":["New Haven"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xrrjk67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama","place":["Tuscaloosa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0192-5008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah T.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03v76x132","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University","place":["New Haven"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7900-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H.","family":"Klinges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03v76x132","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of the Environment, Yale University","place":["New Haven"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5067-4535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David K.","family":"Skelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03v76x132","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of the Environment, Yale University","place":["New Haven"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6483-3667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. 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