{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T20:24:26Z","timestamp":1794255866844,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"46","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1794182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR-2407264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR-2407264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR-2020049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR-2020049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Constraining the origin of Earth\u2019s carbon requires knowing the isotopic composition of the core\u2014a geochemical signature long presumed to be beyond observation for the planet\u2019s largest carbon reservoir. Here, we report high-precision \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C measurements from Hawaiian plume melt inclusions entrapped before significant degassing and sampling distinct mantle sources. Melt inclusions from shield-stage lavas, interpreted to sample the plume\u2019s central axis, inferred to be rooted in the core\u2013mantle boundary thermal boundary layer, converge toward a primary \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C signature of \u20131 \u00b1 2\u2030. In contrast, melt inclusions from rejuvenated-stage lavas, derived from entrained mantle at the plume\u2019s periphery, record a normal mantle source signature of \u20137 \u00b1 2\u2030. We interpret the uniquely\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C-rich shield-stage signature as the isotopic fingerprint of carbon exchanged from the core into the mantle. Our results point to\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C-rich carbonaceous chondrites as the primary source of Earth\u2019s carbon.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2610912123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T20:00:41Z","timestamp":1794254441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isotopically heavy carbon in the core"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4707-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Moussallam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj8s172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont\u2013Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University","place":["New 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