{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:32:14Z","timestamp":1793298734719,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"44","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bioregionalization, the partitioning of the globe into areas of biotic similarity, is one of nature\u2019s most striking patterns, and highly congruent boundaries have been identified across plants, tetrapods, ants, and butterflies. However, these taxa also share a unimodal latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), raising the question of whether bioregionalization and the LDG are mechanistically coupled or instead arise from largely independent processes acting on different timescales. Bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) provide a natural test, their diversity peaking at mid-latitudes rather than in the tropics. Using range estimates for 3,370 species and a phylogenetic beta-diversity framework, we recover 21 bee bioregions nested within at least six major realms (Australasia, Indomalaya-Oceania, Nearctic, Neotropics, Palearctic, and Sub-Sahara) that closely align with those of other taxa despite bees\u2019 atypical diversity gradient. We propose that bioregionalization and species richness are decoupled because they arise from distinct processes: the former reflects historical dispersal and evolutionary history, the latter local diversification, extinction, and environmental filtering. Our analysis provides a global biogeographic framework for future bee research and highlights the processes shaping the world\u2018s major biogeographic boundaries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2620558123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:37:18Z","timestamp":1793295438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global bee bioregions mirror those of other taxa despite a uniquely bimodal latitudinal diversity gradient"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7060-8108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e9o","family":"Laborieux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5595-3206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus","family":"Januario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Global Change Biology, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-6731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Michigan Herbarium, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9180-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anshuman","family":"Swain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan","place":["Ann Arbor"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"The Geographical Distribution of Animals, with a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct Faunas as Elucidating the Past Changes of the Earth\u2019s Surface","author":"Wallace R.","year":"1876","unstructured":"R. Wallace, The Geographical Distribution of Animals, with a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct Faunas as Elucidating the Past Changes of the Earth\u2019s Surface (Macmillan and Co., 1876)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"On the general geographical distribution of the members of the class Aves","volume":"2","author":"Sclater P. L.","year":"1858","unstructured":"P. L. Sclater, On the general geographical distribution of the members of the class Aves. J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 2, 130\u2013145 (1858).","journal-title":"J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 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Laborieux Code and data from: Global bee bioregions mirror those of other taxa despite a uniquely bimodal latitudinal diversity gradient. Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.20525240. 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