{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:38:04Z","timestamp":1793043484117,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"45","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mumia vera aegyptiaca<\/jats:italic>\n                    was a mummy-derived medicinal substance widely used in medieval and early modern medicine, yet its material composition and biological activity remain poorly understood. Here, we integrate Egyptological and pharmaceutical-historical analysis of 41 textual sources with LC\u2013MS\/MS-based metabolomics, molecular networking, machine-learning-assisted annotation, and bioactivity testing to investigate ancient Egyptian embalming materials and historical\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mumia vera<\/jats:italic>\n                    samples. We analyzed 24 objects from university and pharmacy museum collections, including historical\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mumia vera<\/jats:italic>\n                    products, mummified body parts, embalming residues, bandages, and two mummified skulls. Comparative metabolomics revealed substantial heterogeneity among materials labeled as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mumia vera<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but also recurrent molecular signatures consistent with aged conifer resins, including oxidized abietane-type diterpenoids. Several samples contained\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aloe<\/jats:italic>\n                    -associated metabolites, including aloeresin A\/D- and aloin-related compounds. These data reveal\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aloe<\/jats:italic>\n                    -associated metabolites in ancient Egyptian embalming-related materials and support the presence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aloe<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.-derived exudates in selected samples. The convergence of molecular and textual evidence further raises the possibility that a previously unresolved Egyptian term from the 2nd millennium BC may refer to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aloe<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. or an\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aloe<\/jats:italic>\n                    -derived product. Comparative metabolomics also linked an inconspicuous powder sample to a specific mummified head, although their curatorial association had not been securely documented. Finally, a historical\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mumia vera aegyptiaca<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract modestly protected MDCK cells from influenza virus-induced cytopathic effects, whereas the isolated major compound 7-oxodehydroabietic acid was inactive on its own. Together, these findings show how integrating textual scholarship, pharmaceutical history, and molecular analysis can refine the interpretation of ancient Egyptian embalming practices, museum objects, and historical medicines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2624362123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:06:31Z","timestamp":1793041591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["New molecular and historical evidence on ancient Egyptian embalming"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4188-3294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Berger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Marburg University","place":["Marburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Naimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Marburg University","place":["Marburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1670-7383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kornelia","family":"Hardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03j85fc72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology","place":["Giessen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sach\u00dfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Pharmacy Museum, Heidelberg Castle","place":["Heidelberg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricarda","family":"Gericke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Institute of the History of Pharmacy and Medicine, Marburg University","place":["Marburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Marner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03j85fc72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology","place":["Giessen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"M\u00fchlemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences, and Environmental Management, Institute of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen","place":["Giessen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1584-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Pommerening","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Institute of the History of Pharmacy and Medicine, Marburg University","place":["Marburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5858-1173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Reher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Marburg University","place":["Marburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Mummies of the World","author":"Pommerening T.","year":"2010","unstructured":"T. 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(Springer, London, 2021), pp. 1\u201363."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","volume-title":"Globalizing Scents: Investigating the Trade and Use of Aromatic Plants in the Past using Biomolecular Approaches","author":"Huber B.","year":"2024","unstructured":"B. Huber, Globalizing Scents: Investigating the Trade and Use of Aromatic Plants in the Past using Biomolecular Approaches (Universitity of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany, 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35101588"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","volume-title":"\u00dcber die Herkunft der Mumia genannten Substanzen und ihre Anwendung als Heilmittel","author":"Meyer-Hicken B. R.","year":"1978","unstructured":"B. R. Meyer-Hicken, \u00dcber die Herkunft der Mumia genannten Substanzen und ihre Anwendung als Heilmittel (University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, 1978)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","first-page":"407","volume-title":"Muslim Bodies: Body, Sexuality and Medicine in Muslim Societies K\u00f6rper, Sexualit\u00e4t und Medizin in muslimischen Gesellschaften","author":"Bachour N.","year":"2016","unstructured":"N. Bachour, \u201cM\u016bmiy\u0101 als Arznei im arabischen und osmanischen Schrifttum\u201d in Muslim Bodies: Body, Sexuality and Medicine in Muslim Societies K\u00f6rper, Sexualit\u00e4t und Medizin in muslimischen Gesellschaften, S. Kurz, C. Preckel, S. Reichmuth, Eds. 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