none 10.1075/bpa.6.07dus John Benjamins Publishing Company John Benjamins Publishing Company 1757 90647950 2351587 2079412 202412102256000018 10.1075 2024-12-10T16:57:46Z 2017-06-06T04:37:11Z 0 2352-0531 10.1075/bpa https://benjamins.com/catalog/bpa Maya Libben University of British Columbia Mira Goral Lehman College, City University of New York https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4061-5280 Gary Libben Brock University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8609-2166 A Framework for Understanding the Mental Lexicon In the world today, bilingualism is more common than monolingualism. Thus, the default mental lexicon may in fact be the bilingual lexicon. More than ever, social and technological innovation have created a situation in which lexical knowledge may change dramatically throughout an individual’s lifetime. This book offers a new perspective for the understanding of these phenomena and their consequences for the representation of words in the mind and brain. Contributing authors are leaders in the field who provide a re-analysis of key assumptions and a re-focusing of research. They bring new insights and new findings that advance the understanding of both bilingualism and the mental lexicon. This volume serves to generate new directions and advances in bilingualism research. 6 12 20 2017 12 4 2017 9789027243775 9789027264893 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam 10.1075/bpa.6 http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027264893 https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1075/bpa.6/html https://www.jbe-platform.com/deliver/fulltext/9789027264893.pdf Paola E. Dussias Jorge R. Valdés Kroff Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo Investigating cognate effects during the processing of code-switched sentences Experimental studies examining the production and comprehension of language switches have provided evidence for a subtle but significant “switch cost:” switched words take longer to process than non-switched words (e.g., Altarriba et al., 1996 ; Gollan & Ferreira, 2009 ; Meuter & Allport, 1999 ). However, bilingual speakers produce code-switches seamlessly and effortlessly ( Myers-Scotton, 2002 ) and do not experience disruptions during the comprehension of naturally occurring code-switches ( Guzzardo Tamargo, 2012 ). These two observations suggest that bilinguals make use of particular sources of information to seemingly alleviate the challenges associated with switching between two languages. In the work presented here, we ask whether the cognate status of switched words may be one such source of information. To examine this question, the eye movements of Spanish-English early and late bilinguals were recorded while they read sentences on a computer screen. The experimental stimuli consisted of 4 versions of the same sentence, corresponding to 4 experimental conditions. Conditions 1 and 2 were code-switched conditions with a progressive verb. In Condition 1 the switch occurred immediately before the verb (… los instructores are preparing ) and in Condition 2 it occurred at the verb (… los instructores están preparing ). Conditions 3 and 4 were analogous to Conditions 1 and 2 but involved a verb in the perfect form (… los instructores have prepared and los instructores han prepared ). Critically, half of the verbs (48) were cognates (‘prepare’/ ‘preparar’) and half were non-cognates (‘ship’/ ‘enviar’). Bilinguals demonstrated an asymmetry in how they process code-switched sentences with the perfect structure vis-à-vis code-switched sentences with the progressive structure, and how cognate status impacted the integration of a code-switch. 12 20 2017 12 4 2017 143 180 10.1075/bpa.6.07dus https://benjamins.com/catalog/bpa.6.07dus https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1075/bpa.6.07dus/html Diccionario de frecuencias de las unidades lingüísticas del castellano Alameda 1995 10.3758/BF03200936 10.3758/BF03193014 10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001 R package version Bates 1 1 2014 lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00534.x 10.1017/S1366728909990204 10.1017/S1366728905002348 10.1075/sibil.41.07bot 10.1177/1367006913516042 10.1017/CBO9780511576331 10.1080/01690965.2012.718353 10.1080/23273798.2014.964268 10.1017/S1366728914000145 10.1353/lan.2006.0186 10.1017/S0142716406060024 Transference and triggering Clyne 1967 10.1515/ling.1987.25.4.739 10.1037/0278-7393.26.5.1283 10.1016/0749-596X(91)90012-9 10.2167/beb445.0 NIPE: Normas e índices de interés en Psicología Experimental Díez 2006 Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches Dijkstra 179 2005 Bilingual visual word recognition and lexical access 10.1017/S1366728900000146 10.1080/01690960444000124 10.1017/S1366728914000388 10.1017/S1366728902003012 10.1017/S1366728998000121 10.1017/S0022226700010537 10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.663 Language development: Vol. 2 Language, thought and culture Gentner 301 1982 Why nouns are learned before verbs: Linguistic relativity versus natural partitioning 10.1080/20445911.2013.796377 10.1016/0010-0277(76)90004-4 10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.246 10.1037/a0014981 Linking comprehension costs to production patterns during the processing of mixed language Guzzardo Tamargo 2012 10.1075/sibil.12 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.02.001 10.1002/bimj.200810425 10.1016/0010-0285(89)90003-0 10.1017/S136672891100068X 10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124937 The psychology of learning and motivation Kroll 229 2012 Juggling two languages in one mind: What bilinguals tell us about language processing and its consequences for cognition El Lenguaje de los Chicanos Lance 138 1975 Spanish-English code-switching 10.3758/BF03195845 10.1037/a0014875 Aspects of bilingualism Lipski 250 1978 Code-switching and the problem of bilingual competence Linguistic aspects of Spanish-English language switching Lipski 1985 Neuphilologishe Mitteilungen Lipski 3 87 414 1986 Sobre el bilingüismo anglo-hispánico en Gibraltar 10.1016/B978-008043361-5/50004-3 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00226 10.1017/S1366728900000122 10.1006/jmla.1998.2602 10.1017/CBO9780511576331.015 10.1017/CBO9780511620867.007 10.1177/0267658313503467 Analysis of code-switching in Gibraltar Moyer 1995 10.1016/j.jml.2013.12.004 Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing Muysken 2000 Anthropological Linguistics Myers-Scotton 24 432 1982 The possibility of code-switching: Motivation for maintaining multilingualism 10.1016/0271-5309(88)90018-3 Duelling languages: Grammatical structure in code-switching Myers-Scotton 1993 10.1093/oso/9780198240594.001.0001 Social motivations for codeswitching: Evidence from Africa Myers-Scotton 1995 10.1353/lan.2002.0114 10.2307/412586 10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581 Linguistics Poplack 18 7 581 2013 Foreword to “Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en Español”: Toward a typology of code-switching R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software] Core Team 2014 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372 10.3758/BF03197692 10.1080/08351818109370523 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.018 10.1016/j.jml.2006.03.004 10.1080/01690960500463920 Cahiers Linguistiques d’Ottawa Sherkina-Lieber 32 108 2004 The cognate facilitation effect in bilingual speech processing: The case of Russian-English bilingualism Romance Philology Timm 28 473 1975 Spanish-English code-switching: El porqué y how-not-to 10.1017/S1366728901000414 10.1177/1367006913516046 10.1006/jmla.2001.2836 10.1016/j.jml.2010.08.006 10.1017/S0272263112000873 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism Van Hell 2297 2005 The influence of sentence context constraint on cognate effects in lexical decision and translation 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.03.010 10.3758/BF03196335 Second language acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis Weber-Fox 23 1999 Functional neural subsystems are differentially affected by delays in second language immersion: ERP and behavioral evidence in bilinguals 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1602-10.2010 Growing up bilingual: Puerto Rican children in New York Zentella 1997