{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T04:19:39Z","timestamp":1751516379070,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"Amsterdam","reference-count":35,"publisher":"John Benjamins Publishing Company","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9789027214171"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9789027268693"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article focuses on automatic text classification which aims at identifying the first language (L1) background of learners of English. A particular question arising in the context of automated L1 identification is whether any features that are informative for a machine learning algorithm relate to L1-specific transfer phenomena. In order to explore this issue further, we discuss the results of a study carried out in the wake of a Native Language Identification Task. The task is based on the TOEFL11 corpus (cf. Blanchard et al. 2013), which involves a sample of 12,100 essays written by participants in the TOEFL\u00ae test from 11 different language backgrounds (Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Telugu, and Turkish). The article will show our results in automatic L1 detection in the TOEFL11 corpus. These results are discussed in light of relevant transfer features which turned out to be particularly informative for automatic detection of L1 German and L1 Italian.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1075\/hsld.4.13ste","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]],"date-time":"2015-04-13T09:53:59Z","timestamp":1428918839000},"page":"297-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated L1 identification in English learner essays and its implications for language transfer"],"prefix":"10.1075","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7655-5526","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Egon","family":"Stemle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EURAC Bolzano, University of Klagenfurt*"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Onysko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EURAC Bolzano, University of Klagenfurt*"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1757","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0001","first-page":"1428","volume-title":"Automatic identification of learners\u2019 language background based on their writing in Czech","author":"Aharodnik","year":"2013"},{"volume-title":"Automatically Detecting Authors\u2019 Native Language","year":"2011","author":"Ahn","key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0002"},{"key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqi039"},{"key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/18.3.235"},{"key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0005","first-page":"127","article-title":"Error pattern and automatic L1 identification","volume-title":"Approaching Language Transfer through Text Classification","author":"Bestgen","year":"2012"},{"volume-title":"TOEFL11: A Corpus of Non-Native English","year":"2013","author":"Blanchard","key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0006"},{"key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0007","first-page":"188","volume-title":"Using other learner corpora in the 2013 NLI Shared Task","author":"Brooke","year":"2013"},{"key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0008","first-page":"106","article-title":"Detecting the first language of second language writers using automated indices of cohesion, lexical sophistication, syntactic complexity and conceptual knowledge","volume-title":"Approaching Language Transfer through Text Classification","author":"Crossley","year":"2012"},{"key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0009","article-title":"Definite articles","volume-title":"The World Atlas of Language Structures Online","author":"Dryer","year":"2013"},{"key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0010","article-title":"Order of adposition and noun phrase","volume-title":"The World Atlas of Language Structures Online","author":"Dryer","year":"2013"},{"key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0011","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Author profiling for English emails","author":"Estival","year":"2007"},{"key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0012","first-page":"216","volume-title":"Improving native language identification with TF-IDF weighting","author":"Gebre","year":"2013"},{"key":"hsld.4.13ste-CIT0013","first-page":"29","article-title":"Stylometry and the interplay of topic and L1 in the different annotation layers in the Falko corpus","volume-title":"Proceedings of Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics 4","author":"Golcher","year":"2011"},{"volume-title":"The International Corpus of Learner English. 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