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The research is based on the analysis of CO-HATE, a corpus composed of 20,590 YouTube comments, which\n\t\t\t\t\twere manually annotated following detailed guidelines created for that purpose. We applied methods from corpus\n\t\t\t\t\tlinguistics to assess the prevalence of overt and covert hate speech, counter-speech, and offensive speech, considering different\n\t\t\t\t\tgrounds of discrimination, and to investigate the main linguistic and rhetorical strategies underlying hatred messages. The\n\t\t\t\t\tresearch results highlight the importance of tackling covert hate speech, a recurring phenomenon often anchored in irony and\n\t\t\t\t\tfallacious argumentation, including the emotional appeal to fear and the implicit call to action. We believe this study will aid\n\t\t\t\t\tin advancing the analysis of online hate speech, while promoting the development of efficient automated detection models,\n\t\t\t\t\tspecifically regarding the Portuguese language.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1075\/jlac.00085.car","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T08:46:52Z","timestamp":1687164412000},"page":"171-206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The expression of hate speech against Afro-descendant, Roma, and LGBTQ+ communities in YouTube comments"],"prefix":"10.1075","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-1250","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paula","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04mqy3p58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"INESC-ID Lisboa"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01c27hj86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Instituto Superior 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