{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:02:21Z","timestamp":1785416541327,"version":"3.56.0"},"publisher-location":"Amsterdam","reference-count":14,"publisher":"John Benjamins Publishing Company","isbn-type":[{"value":"9789027234988","type":"print"},{"value":"9789027268198","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper examines change in the lexicon of American Norwegian by investigating phonemic, semantic and lexical transfer from American English into the heritage Norwegian of the American Midwest. We observe these types of transfer when the semantic structure, phonemic structure, or both, are transferred from English to the heritage variety. Drawing on Matras\u2019 (2009) insight that languages converge as a result of the need to simplify the selection procedure, we expect lexical transfer (involving both semantic and phonemic structure) to be the most abundant of these three phenomena as it provides more convergence (simplification). Our findings support this hypothesis and corroborate those of Haugen (1953), showing that lexical transfer is the most common route of convergence in American Norwegian.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1075\/silv.18.09ann","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]],"date-time":"2015-08-20T09:28:49Z","timestamp":1440062929000},"page":"201-216","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Maintaining a Multilingual Repertoire"],"prefix":"10.1075","author":[{"given":"Lucas","family":"Annear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Speth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1757","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0001","first-page":"73","article-title":"\u201cSociolinguistic Evidence of a Possible Case of Syntactic Convergence in Ontarian French.\u201d","volume":"6\u20137","author":"Beniak","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association"},{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511606526"},{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0003","volume-title":"The Norwegian Language in America: A Study in Bilingual Behavior","author":"Haugen","year":"1953","edition":"2"},{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0004","volume-title":"Bilingualism in the Americas: A Bibliography and Research Guide","author":"Haugen","year":"1956"},{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0005","volume-title":"Tr\u00f8ndsk talem\u00e5l i Amerika","author":"Hjelde","year":"1992"},{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0006","volume-title":"Corpus of American Norwegian Speech","author":"Johannessen","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0007","first-page":"365","article-title":"\u201c\u00d8stnorsk som norsk fellesdialekt i Midtvesten.\u201d","volume":"30","author":"Johannessen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Norsk lingvistisk tidsskrift"},{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0008","article-title":"\u201cEastern Norwegian as a Common Norwegian Dialect in the American Midwest.\u201d","author":"Johannessen","journal-title":"Journal of Language Contact"},{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0009","first-page":"73","article-title":"\u201cThe Nordic Dialect Corpus \u2013 An Advanced Research Tool.\u201d","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics NODALIDA 2009","author":"Johannessen","year":"2009"},{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809873"},{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/465959"},{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0012","volume-title":"Bilingualism","author":"Romaine","year":"1995","edition":"2"},{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367006909339814"},{"key":"silv.18.09ann-CIT0014","first-page":"638","article-title":"\u201cLinguistic Outcomes of Language Contact.\u201d","volume-title":"Handbook of Sociolinguistics","author":"Sankoff","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Studies in Language Variation","Germanic Heritage Languages in North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T03:18:48Z","timestamp":1751512728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/benjamins.com\/catalog\/silv.18.09ann"},"secondary":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1075\/silv.18.09ann\/html","label":"DeGruyter"}]},"subtitle":["Lexical Change in American Norwegian"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]]},"ISBN":["9789027234988","9789027268198"],"references-count":14,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/silv.18.09ann","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1872-9592"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1872-9592","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]]}}}