{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T03:30:17Z","timestamp":1764646217064,"version":"3.30.1"},"publisher-location":"Amsterdam","reference-count":50,"publisher":"John Benjamins Publishing Company","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9789027204141"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9789027262103"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We explore the development of final obstruent neutralization (German <jats:italic>Bad<\/jats:italic> \u2018bath\u2019: \/ba:d\/ =\n                                [ba:t]) and other features of an emerging Wisconsin English variety that has been shaped by contact, while considering\n                                multiple factors such as input, contact, and influence from other varieties. We draw our data from immigrant letters\n                                and supplement these with what is known about education and language guides available to early immigrants, as well as\n                                contact with other language varieties and dialects. Through time and over remarkably heterogeneous varieties of\n                                English and German, we trace the presence of this feature in German and English, where it has been transformed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1075\/silv.21.07lit","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T14:29:42Z","timestamp":1565360982000},"page":"115-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Early immigrant English"],"prefix":"10.1075","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Litty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3491-0443","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph","family":"Salmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1757","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Ahn\u2019s neuer amerikanischer Dolmetscher f\u00fcr Deutsche zum Erlernen der englischen Sprache ohne Lehrer: Anleitung zur Aussprache des Englischen. Kurgefasste Grammatik nebst leichten Beispielen Gespr\u00e4che, W\u00f6rtersammlungen, Inserate und Zeitungartikel, Schriftlicher Verkehr usw","year":"1923","author":"Ahn","key":"CIT229"},{"volume-title":"The linguistic atlas of the Upper Midwest","year":"1973\u201379","author":"Allen","key":"CIT230"},{"key":"CIT231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110886672.41"},{"volume-title":"\u2018I got my knife yet\u2019: German imposition on Wisconsin English","year":"2006","author":"Bagwell","key":"CIT232"},{"volume-title":"Languages in contact: Uncovering the sources of German imposition on Wisconsin English","year":"2006","author":"Bagwell","key":"CIT233"},{"key":"CIT234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1075\/ahs.10.02bag","article-title":"Wisconsin immigrant letters: German transfer to Wisconsin English","volume-title":"Keeping in touch. Familiar letters across the English-speaking world","author":"Bagwell"},{"key":"CIT235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/silv.18.10ben"},{"volume-title":"The dictionary of American regional English","year":"1985\u20132017","author":"Cassidy","key":"CIT236"},{"key":"CIT237","volume-title":"A grammar of the German language, designed for a thoro and practical study of the language as spoken and written to-day","author":"Curme","year":"1922","edition":"2"},{"volume-title":"The making of bad language","year":"2006","author":"Davies","key":"CIT238"},{"volume-title":"Changes in Wisconsin English over 110 Years: A real-time acoustic account","year":"2011","author":"Delahanty","key":"CIT239"},{"key":"CIT240","first-page":"41","article-title":"German in Wisconsin","volume-title":"The German language in America: A symposium","author":"Eichhoff","year":"1971"},{"key":"CIT241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110910568"},{"key":"CIT242","first-page":"291","article-title":"Grammar","volume-title":"The American midwest: An interpretative encyclopedia","author":"Frazer","year":"2006"},{"volume-title":"Toward a general theory of language shift: A case study in Wisconsin German and North Carolina Cherokee","year":"2013","author":"Frey","key":"CIT243"},{"key":"CIT244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.268.03gei"},{"key":"CIT245","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction","volume-title":"Legacies of colonial English: Studies in transported dialects","author":"Hickey","year":"2004"},{"key":"CIT246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444318159.ch"},{"key":"CIT247","first-page":"190","article-title":"German immigration and the development of regional variants of American English: Using contact theory to discover our roots","volume-title":"The German language in America","author":"Howell","year":"1993"},{"key":"CIT248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952675700002566"},{"volume-title":"A vocabulary study of Gillespie and Kendall counties, Texas","year":"1962","author":"Johansen","key":"CIT249"},{"key":"CIT250","first-page":"669","article-title":"Koineization and accommodation","volume-title":"The handbook of language variation and change","author":"Kerswill","year":"2002"},{"key":"CIT251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/impact.24.19lab"},{"volume-title":"English with an accent: Language, ideology, and discrimination in the United States","year":"1997","author":"Lippi-Green","key":"CIT252"},{"volume-title":"Variation in English VOT in three southern Wisconsin counties","year":"2014","author":"Litty","key":"CIT253"},{"key":"CIT254","article-title":"Variation in word final obstruent neutralization in Wisconsin English","volume-title":"Paper presented at the sixth annual workshop on immigrant languages in the Americas (WILA6)","author":"Litty","year":"2015"},{"volume-title":"We talk German now yet: The sociolinguistic development of voice onset time and final obstruent neutralization in Wisconsin German and English varieties, 1863\u20132013","year":"2017","author":"Litty","key":"CIT255"},{"volume-title":"Historical German syntax","year":"1968","author":"Lockwood","key":"CIT256"},{"key":"CIT257","first-page":"37","article-title":"Immigrant languages and education: Wisconsin\u2019s German schools","volume-title":"Wisconsin talk: linguistic diversity in the badger state","author":"Petty","year":"2013"},{"key":"CIT258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00031283-2008-028"},{"key":"CIT259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00031283-80-2-135"},{"key":"CIT260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0075424205285637"},{"volume-title":"Wisconsin talk: Linguistic diversity in the badger state","year":"2013","author":"Purnell","key":"CIT261"},{"key":"CIT262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.208"},{"volume-title":"Language, place and identity in later life","year":"2006","author":"Rose","key":"CIT263"},{"key":"CIT264","first-page":"310","article-title":"Keineswegs Feinde der englischen Sprache: Deutsch, Englisch und Schulpolitik in Wisconsin","volume-title":"Muttersprache. Zur Soziolinguistik regionaler Mehrsprachigkeit im deutschsprachigen Raum","author":"Salmons","year":"2017"},{"article-title":"Forthcoming. Laryngeal phonetics, phonology, assimilation and final neutralization","volume-title":"Cambridge handbook of germanic linguistics","author":"Salmons","key":"CIT265"},{"key":"CIT266","first-page":"205","article-title":"Deutsche Spuren im amerikanischen Englischen? Auslautverh\u00e4rtung in Wisconsin","volume-title":"Sprachinselwelten \/ The world of language islands","author":"Salmons","year":"2006"},{"key":"CIT267","article-title":"Language contact and the development of American English","volume-title":"The handbook of language contact","author":"Salmons","edition":"2"},{"key":"CIT268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00437956.1959.11659699"},{"key":"CIT269","first-page":"322","article-title":"The development and survival of the German language in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin","volume-title":"The German language in America, 1683\u20131991","author":"Seifert","year":"1993"},{"volume-title":"Deutsche Mundartkunde","year":"1962","author":"Schirmunski","key":"CIT270"},{"key":"CIT271","first-page":"595","article-title":"Was bleibt bestehen? 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