{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T15:31:55Z","timestamp":1759073515231},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,1]],"date-time":"2001-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":993945600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Protist"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]},"DOI":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,18]],"date-time":"2005-08-18T13:08:42Z","timestamp":1124370522000},"page":"103-111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["RNA Interference in African Trypanosomes"],"prefix":"10.1078","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"LaCount","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Donelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.105.4.1101","article-title":"Molecular cloning and cellular localization of a BiP homologue in Trypanosoma brucei. Divergent ER retention signals in a lower eukaryote","volume":"105","author":"Bangs","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.18.3321","article-title":"Flagellum ontogeny in trypanosomes studied via an inherited and regulated RNA interference system","volume":"113","author":"Bastin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib3","first-page":"189","article-title":"Viruses and gene silencing in plants","volume":"15","author":"Baulcombe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Virol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/35053110","article-title":"Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference","volume":"409","author":"Bernstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(96)02815-0","article-title":"Vectors for inducible expression of toxic gene products in bloodstream and procyclic Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"85","author":"Biebinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/153.3.1245","article-title":"RNA interference can target pre-mRNA: Consequences for gene expression in a Caenorhabditis elegans operon","volume":"153","author":"Bosher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(00)00319-4","article-title":"Characterization and disruption of a new Trypanosoma brucei repetitive flagellum protein, using double-stranded RNA inhibition","volume":"111","author":"Bringaud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/35003670","article-title":"Gene silencing in worms and fungi","volume":"404","author":"Catalanotto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(00)01641-8","article-title":"Domains in gene silencing and cell differentiation proteins: the novel PAZ domain and redefinition of the Piwi domain","volume":"25","author":"Cerutti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/20215","article-title":"Gene silencing in Neurospora crassa requires a protein homologous to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase","volume":"399","author":"Cogoni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(00)00134-9","article-title":"Post-transcriptional gene silencing across kingdoms","volume":"10","author":"Cogoni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80864-8","article-title":"An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene in Arabidopsis is required for posttranscriptional gene silencing mediated by a transgene but not by a virus","volume":"101","author":"Dalmay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7812","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.22.7812","article-title":"Efficient introduction of plasmid DNA into Trypanosoma brucei and transcription of a transfected chimeric gene","volume":"84","author":"Eid","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.6.2118","article-title":"Stable integrative transformation of Trypanosoma brucei that occurs exclusively by homologous recombination","volume":"88","author":"Eid","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.862301","article-title":"RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAs","volume":"15","author":"Elbashir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00015-1","article-title":"The African trypanosome genome","volume":"30","author":"El-Sayed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200217597","article-title":"AGO1, QDE-2, and RDE-1 are related proteins required for post- transcriptional gene silencing in plants, quelling in fungi, and RNA interference in animals","volume":"97","author":"Fagard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/35888","article-title":"Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"391","author":"Fire","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/35042517","article-title":"Functional genomic analysis of C. elegans chromosome I by systematic RNA interference","volume":"408","author":"Fraser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/35042526","article-title":"Functional genomic analysis of cell division in C. elegans using RNAi of genes on chromosome III","volume":"408","author":"Gonczy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5462.2494","article-title":"Genetic requirements for inheritance of RNAi in C. elegans","volume":"287","author":"Grishok","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5319.1716","article-title":"Trans-kingdom transposition of the Drosophila element mariner within the protozoan Leishmania","volume":"276","author":"Gueiros-Filho","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90082-9","article-title":"par-1, a gene required for establishing polarity in C. elegans embryos, encodes a putative Ser\/Thr kinase that is asymmetrically distributed","volume":"81","author":"Guo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5441.950","article-title":"A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants","volume":"286","author":"Hamilton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/35005107","article-title":"An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells","volume":"404","author":"Hammond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81725-0","article-title":"Use of dsRNA-mediated genetic interference to demonstrate that frizzled and frizzled 2 act in the wingless pathway","volume":"95","author":"Kennerdell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/35005113","article-title":"A genetic link between co-suppression and RNA interference in C. elegans","volume":"404","author":"Ketting","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81645-1","article-title":"Mut-7 of C. elegans, required for transposon silencing and RNA interference, is a homolog of Werner syndrome helicase and RNaseD","volume":"99","author":"Ketting","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(00)00300-5","article-title":"Double-stranded RNA interference in Trypanosoma brucei using head-to-head promoters","volume":"111","author":"LaCount","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2177225","article-title":"Homologous recombination and stable transfection in the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"250","author":"Lee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1999.9407","article-title":"Silencing of developmental genes in Hydra","volume":"214","author":"Lohmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5962","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.13.5962","article-title":"Mitochondrial minicircle DNA supports plasmid replication and maintenance in nuclei of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"91","author":"Metzenberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1451","article-title":"Targeted disruption of gene function in Drosophila by RNA interference (RNA-i): a role for nautilus in embryonic somatic muscle formation","volume":"96","author":"Misquitta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14687","article-title":"Doublestranded RNA induces mRNA degradation in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"95","author":"Ngo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90059-7","article-title":"S. cerevisiae encodes an essential protein homologous in sequence and function to mammalian BiP","volume":"57","author":"Normington","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)00106-4","article-title":"Functional anatomy of a dsRNA trigger. Differential requirement for the two trigger strands in RNA interference","volume":"6","author":"Parrish","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.20.4111","article-title":"The region encompassing the procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP) gene promoter plays a role in plasmid DNA replication in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"22","author":"Patnaik","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05908.x","article-title":"Autonomously replicating single-copy episomes in Trypanosoma brucei show unusual stability","volume":"12","author":"Patnaik","year":"1993","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90058-5","article-title":"KAR2, a karyogamy gene, is the yeast homolog of the mammalian BiP\/GRP78 gene","volume":"57","author":"Rose","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5049","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.5049","article-title":"Doublestranded RNA specifically disrupts gene expression during planarian regeneration","volume":"96","author":"Sanchez Alvarado","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355838200000297","article-title":"Genetic interference in Trypanosoma brucei by heritable and inducible double-stranded RNA","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2000","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00323-7","article-title":"EGO-1 is related to RNA-directed RNA polymerase and functions in germ- line development and RNA interference in C. elegans","volume":"10","author":"Smardon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81644-X","article-title":"The rde-1 gene, RNA interference, and transposon silencing in C. elegans","volume":"99","author":"Tabara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/348174a0","article-title":"Targeted insertion of the neomycin phosphotransferase gene into the tubulin gene cluster of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"348","author":"ten Asbroek","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40174","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008405200","article-title":"Inhibition of Trypanosoma brucei gene expression by RNA interference using an integratable vector with opposing T7 promoters","volume":"275","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/35000016","article-title":"Specific interference with gene function by double-stranded RNA in early mouse development","volume":"2","author":"Wianny","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7761835","article-title":"Inducible gene expression in trypanosomes mediated by a prokaryotic repressor","volume":"268","author":"Wirtz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4626","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/26.20.4626","article-title":"Regulated processive transcription of chromatin by T7 RNA polymerase in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"26","author":"Wirtz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00002-X","article-title":"A tightly regulated inducible expression system for conditional gene knock-outs and dominant-negative genetics in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"99","author":"Wirtz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1434-4610-00047_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80620-0","article-title":"RNAi: double-stranded RNA directs the ATP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 nucleotide intervals","volume":"101","author":"Zamore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Protist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1434461004700474?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1434461004700474?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T23:28:48Z","timestamp":1626391728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1434461004700474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1434461004700474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/1434-4610-00047","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-4610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-4610","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]}}}