{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T14:19:15Z","timestamp":1780323555963,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,18]],"date-time":"2005-08-18T09:08:42Z","timestamp":1124356122000},"page":"403-412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis may represent an increased risk factor to develop gastric carcinoma of the intestinal type"],"prefix":"10.1078","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Rieder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes A.","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf A.","family":"Hatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Stolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg A.","family":"Enders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2001.tb01561.x","article-title":"Role of virulence factors, cell components and adhesion in Helicobacter pylorimediated iNOS induction in murine macrophages","volume":"30","author":"Assmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib2","first-page":"1279","article-title":"Increased oxidative DNA damage in Helicobacter Pylori-infected human gastric mucosa","volume":"56","author":"Baik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib3","first-page":"3845","article-title":"E-cadherin gene mutations provide clues to diffuse type gastric carcinomas","volume":"54","author":"Becker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.2.682","article-title":"Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requiring enzyme","volume":"87","author":"Bredt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib5","first-page":"297","article-title":"Carcinoma and intestinal metaplasia of the stomach in Colombian migrants","volume":"44","author":"Correa","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib6","first-page":"3554","article-title":"A human model of gastric carcinogenesis","volume":"48","author":"Correa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00045a020","article-title":"Nitric oxide induces oxidative damage in addition to deamination in macrophage DNA","volume":"8","author":"deRojas-Walker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199610000-00001","article-title":"Classification and grading of gastritis: the updated Sydney system","volume":"20","author":"Dixon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6788.1302","article-title":"Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation","volume":"302","author":"Forman","year":"1991","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70496-8","article-title":"Increased expression and cellular localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 in Helicobacter pylori gastritis","volume":"116","author":"Fu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4692","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.9.4692","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori induces macrophage apoptosis by activation of arginase II","volume":"168","author":"Gobert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6002","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.12.6002","article-title":"Cutting edge: Urease release by Helicobacter pylori stimulates macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase","volume":"168","author":"Gobert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1097\/00001574-199212000-00017","article-title":"Stomach immunology and Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"8","author":"Hatz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9178683","article-title":"Pattern of adhesion molecule expression on vascular and gastric cancer endothelium in Helicobacter pylori-associated antral gastritis","volume":"112","author":"Hatz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib15","series-title":"TNM classification of malignant tumours","author":"Hermanek","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib16","first-page":"177","article-title":"Infection with Helicobacter pylori","volume":"Vol. 61","author":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib17","first-page":"184","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines induce DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair in cholangiocarcinoma cells by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism","volume":"60","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1083-4389.2002.00068.x","article-title":"Up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide in Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric epithelial cells: possible role of interferongamma in polarized nitric oxide secretion","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/370025a0","article-title":"Intrinsic source of stomach NO","volume":"370","author":"Kugler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib20","first-page":"31","article-title":"The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma","volume":"64","author":"Lauren","year":"1965","journal-title":"An attempt at a histo-clinical classification. Acta. Pathol. Micorbiol. Scand"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005453125433","article-title":"Coexpression of interleukin-8 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in gastric mucosa infected with cagA+Helicobacter Pylori","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4306","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.12.4306","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 synergizes with IFN-\u03b3 in mediating killing of Leishmania major through the induction of nitric oxide","volume":"145","author":"Liew","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00592-5","article-title":"NF-kappa B, inducible nitric oxide synthase and apoptosis by Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"31","author":"Lim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(95)90004-7","article-title":"Potential genotoxicity of chronically elevated nitric oxide: a review","volume":"339","author":"Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1080\/003655299750025318","article-title":"An 18-year follow-up study of chronic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori association of CagA positivity with development of atrophy and activity of gastritis","volume":"34","author":"Maaroos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib26","first-page":"3238","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori gastritis: effect of antibiotics and antioxidants","volume":"56","author":"Mannick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib27","first-page":"1690","article-title":"E-cadherin expression in primary and metastatic gastric cancer: down-regulation correlates with cellular dedifferentiation and glandular disintegration","volume":"53","author":"Mayer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199701)181:1<87::AID-PATH736>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Interleukin-8 and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels in inflammatory bowel disease at first presentation","volume":"181","author":"McLaughlan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s004280050171","article-title":"Gastric carcinoma risk index in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori","volume":"432","author":"Meining","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(03)00218-1","article-title":"Suppressed apoptosis in the inflamed gastric mucosa of Helicobacter pylori-colonized iNOS-knockout mice","volume":"34","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1080\/10715769900301231A","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in cancer biology","volume":"31","author":"Moochhala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00124-2","article-title":"TNF-alpha induces apoptosis of parietal cells","volume":"65","author":"Neu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5457.1497","article-title":"Translocation of Helicobacter Pylori CagA into gastric epithelial cells by type IV secretion","volume":"287","author":"Odenbreit","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(94)90245-3","article-title":"Chronic infections and inflammatory processes as cancer risk factors: possible role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis","volume":"305","author":"Ohshima","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110173251603","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma","volume":"325","author":"Parsonnet","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199812000-00003","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase, anti-oxidant enzymes and Helicobacter pylori infection in gastritis and gastric precancerous lesions in humans","volume":"7","author":"Pignatelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib37","first-page":"A1002","article-title":"iNOS in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis: Possible role in carcinogenesis","volume":"110","author":"Rieder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3622","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.9.3622-3630.1997","article-title":"Role of adherence in interleukin-8 induction in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis","volume":"65","author":"Rieder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.81-88.2001","article-title":"Comparison of C-X-C chemokines ENA-78 and IL-8 expression in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis","volume":"69","author":"Rieder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(96)04154-7","article-title":"Induction of nitric oxide synthesis in murine macrophages by Helicobacter pylori","volume":"102","author":"Shapiro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07524.x","article-title":"Competitor internal standards for quantitative detection of mycoplasma DNA","volume":"128","author":"Sidhu","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(96)70055-0","article-title":"Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in colonic epithelium in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"111","author":"Singer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00375.x","article-title":"Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in Helicobacter pylori infection: The role of CagA status","volume":"93","author":"Sozzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1281928","article-title":"Biochemistry of nitric oxide and its redox-activated forms","volume":"258","author":"Stamler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.3.1263","article-title":"Tyrosine phosphorylation of the Helicobacter pylori CagA antigen after cag-driven host cell translocation","volume":"97","author":"Stein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib46","first-page":"F31","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the carcinogenic process","volume":"1288","author":"Tamir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199810000-00012","article-title":"Enhanced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in chronic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia","volume":"27","author":"Tatemichi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00280_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(96)70014-8","article-title":"Helicobacter Pylori stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in a murine macrophage cell line","volume":"111","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1438422104701745?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1438422104701745?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T16:52:10Z","timestamp":1761411130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1438422104701745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003]]}},"alternative-id":["S1438422104701745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/1438-4221-00280","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-4221"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-4221","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis may represent an increased risk factor to develop gastric carcinoma of the intestinal type","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/1438-4221-00280","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2003 Urban & Fischer Verlag. Published by Elsevier GmbH All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}