{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:30:44Z","timestamp":1789587044473,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,9]],"date-time":"2007-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1173398400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1559,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anim. Health. Res. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis continues to be a major respiratory disease in feedlot cattle despite the recent advances in our understanding of the underlying complexities of causation. The etiological agent,<jats:italic>Mannheimia haemolytica<\/jats:italic>, possesses several virulence factors, including capsule, outer membrane proteins, adhesins, neuraminidase, endotoxin and exotoxic leukotoxin. Accumulating scientific evidence implicates leukotoxin as the primary factor contributing to clinical presentation and lung injury associated with this disease. Unlike other virulence factors, leukotoxin shows cell-type- and species-specific effects on bovine leukocytes. Recent investigations have delineated the mechanisms underlying the target-cell-specificity of leukotoxin and how this contributes to the pathogenesis of lung damage. This review summarizes current understanding of the secretion, regulation, mechanisms of action and evolutionary diversity of leukotoxin of<jats:italic>M. haemolytica<\/jats:italic>. Understanding the precise molecular mechanisms of leukotoxin is critical for the development of more effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to control this complex disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1079\/ahrr200242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,7]],"date-time":"2003-03-07T04:27:34Z","timestamp":1047011254000},"page":"69-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Role of<i>Mannheimia haemolytica<\/i>leukotoxin in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Samithamby","family":"Jeyaseelan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinand","family":"Sreevatsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel K.","family":"Maheswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(05)80001-4","article-title":"Purified Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin induce expression of inflammatory cytokines from bovine alveolar macrophages","volume":"18","author":"Yoo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.2.381-388.1995","article-title":"Induction of inflammatory cytokines in bovine alveolar macrophages following stimulation with Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide","volume":"63","author":"Yoo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00723.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.13.040195.002253"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03439.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1987.tb00270.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.55.12.3233-3236.1987","article-title":"Extensive homology between the leukotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica AI and the a-hemolysin of Escherichia coli","volume":"55","author":"Strathdee","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(95)00138-Q"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01225.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.55.2.153"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00272357","article-title":"A topological model for the haemolysin translocator protein HlyD","volume":"234","author":"Schulein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Molecular and General Genetics"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.11.1227","article-title":"Effects of Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin and lipopolysaccharide on histamine, prostanoid and leukotriene release by bovine lung parenchyma in vitro","volume":"58","author":"Saban","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1998.0271"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000058751"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.07.875","article-title":"Vaccination of cattle with outer membrane protein-enriched fractions of Pasteurella haemolytica and resistance against experimental challenge exposure","volume":"56","author":"Morton","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.57.2.420-425.1989","article-title":"Transmembrane pore size and role of cell swelling in cytotoxicity caused by Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin","volume":"57","author":"Clinkenbeard","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref084","first-page":"83","article-title":"Electron microscopic description of glycocalyx and fimbriae on the surface of Pasteurella haemolytica-A1","volume":"51","author":"Morck","year":"1987","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(96)00029-6"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.21.3.738-746.1978","article-title":"Association of elevated levels of extracellular neuraminidase with clinical isolates of type III group B streptococci","volume":"21","author":"Milligan","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.28.6.1151-1158.1990","article-title":"Specificity of bovine serum antibody to capsular carbohydrate antigens from Pasteurella haemolytica","volume":"28","author":"McVey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.10.6231-6239.2001"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.1.211-218.1997","article-title":"Purification and partial characterization of the OmpA family of proteins of Pasteurella haemolytica","volume":"65","author":"Mahasreshti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref123","first-page":"254","article-title":"Battling against host phagocytes: the wherefore of the RTX family of toxins","volume":"4","author":"Welch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infectious Agents and Diseases"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref073","first-page":"S33","article-title":"Molecular characterization of cytotoxins produced by Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, Pasteurella","volume":"54","author":"Lo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00273604"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.55.9.1987-1996.1987","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of the leukotoxin genes of Pasteurella haemolytica A1","volume":"55","author":"Lo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.48.30463"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0438"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref018","first-page":"S48","article-title":"Molecular aspects of virulence of Pasteurella haemolytica","volume":"54","author":"Confer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01661.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00122.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000058750"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.30.2.615-616.1980","article-title":"Evidence of species specificity in the cytocidal effects of Pasteurella haemolytica","volume":"30","author":"Kaehler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-46-4-276"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.30.1.254-262.1980","article-title":"Kinetics of interaction and fate of Pasteurella haemolytica in bovine macrophages","volume":"30","author":"Maheswaran","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.2.309-333.1998","article-title":"Acylation of Escherichia coli hemolysin: a unique protein lipidation mechanism underlying toxin function","volume":"62","author":"Stanley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.1.266-277.2002"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.10.6131-6139.2001"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)31328-1"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.72-79.2000"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.58.6.1782-1788.1990","article-title":"Effects of cations and osmotic protectants on cytolytic activity of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin","volume":"58","author":"Iwase","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(97)00103-X"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(95)00187-5"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.9.4211"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/10.1.31"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.6.2836-2844.1998","article-title":"Pasteurella haemolytica A1-derived leukotoxin and endotoxin induce intracellular calcium elevation in bovine alveolar macrophages by different signaling pathways","volume":"66","author":"Hsuan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30302-9"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.4.1340-1348.1995","article-title":"Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 2 contains the gene for a noncapsular serotype 1-specific antigen","volume":"63","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(92)90034-N"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.22.6487"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref100","first-page":"715","article-title":"Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin: production by recognized serotypes and neutralization by type-specific rabbit antisera","volume":"44","author":"Shewen","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.1997.5195"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00980.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30303-0"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(05)80088-0"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1996.0034"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1990.tb02042.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1998.0236"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1997.0181"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.3916-3922.2000"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.10.1635","article-title":"Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide-induced arachidonic acid release from and neutrophil adherence to bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells","volume":"51","author":"Paulsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.2.916-928.1989"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.56.5.644"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30310-8"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref033","first-page":"S296","article-title":"The bovine respiratory disease complex: a complex interaction of host, environment and infectious factors","volume":"4","author":"Dyer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/41131"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref127","first-page":"32","article-title":"Bovine respiratory disease: an overview of costs, causes, and control","volume":"62","author":"Wohlgemuth","year":"1987","journal-title":"Norden News"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref004","first-page":"395","article-title":"Pulmonary response to intratracheal challenge with Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida","volume":"49","author":"Ames","year":"1985","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300050016"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(89)90016-8"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00040-1"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref006","first-page":"1383","article-title":"The cytotoxic effects of Pasteurella haemolytica","volume":"42","author":"Berggren","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13310.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref108","first-page":"110","article-title":"Dissociation of cytolysis and monokine release by bovine mononuclear phagocytes incubated with Pasteurella haemolytica partially purified leukotoxin and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"59","author":"Stevens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref037","first-page":"1919","article-title":"Cytotoxin (leukotoxin) production by Pasteurella haemolytica: requirement for an iron-containing compound","volume":"47","author":"Gentry","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.5.1885-1890.1998","article-title":"Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin-induced increase in phospholipase A2 activity in bovine neutrophils","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.4.1394-1404.2001"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.8.3238-3243.1992","article-title":"Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin enhances production of leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid by bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"60","author":"Henricks","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.03.453","article-title":"Lysis of bovine platelets by Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin","volume":"52","author":"Clinkenbeard","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref071","first-page":"233","article-title":"The bovine respiratory disease complex","volume":"15","author":"Lillie","year":"1974","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(85)90025-2"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5001","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.12.5001-5007.1993","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the leukotoxin determinants from Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes 1 to 16","volume":"61","author":"Burrows","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M006792200"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.52.1.63-69.1986","article-title":"Escherichia coli hemolysin may damage target cell membranes by generating transmembrane pores","volume":"52","author":"Bhakdi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6264","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.12.6264-6269.1999","article-title":"Correlation of Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin binding with susceptibility to intoxication of lymphoid cells from various species","volume":"67","author":"Sun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.7.2593-2598.1997","article-title":"Generation of targeted nonpolar gene insertions and operon fusions in Pasteurella haemolytica and creation of a strain that produces and secretes inactive leukotoxin","volume":"65","author":"Fedorova","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02085.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref017","first-page":"98","article-title":"Serum antibody response to carbohydrate antigens of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1: relation to experimentally induced bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis","volume":"50","author":"Confer","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.9.4087-4092.1998","article-title":"The biphasic mRNA expression pattern of bovine interleukin-8 in Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide-stimulated alveolar macrophages is primarily due to tumor necrosis factor alpha","volume":"66","author":"Lafleur","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.1.56-62.1992","article-title":"A neutral glycoprotease of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 specifically cleaves O-sialoglycoproteins","volume":"60","author":"Abdullah","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.9.3719-3724.1997","article-title":"Binding of Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin to bovine leukocytes","volume":"65","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.6.2618-2625.1993","article-title":"Enhancement of neutrophil-mediated injury to bovine pulmonary endothelial cells by Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin","volume":"61","author":"Maheswaran","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.2.587-591.1991","article-title":"Efficacy of recombinant leukotoxin in protection against pneumonic challenge with live Pasteurella haemolytica. A1","volume":"59","author":"Conlon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.18.5422-5430.1996"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.9.3585-3593.1997","article-title":"Evolutionary genetics of Pasteurella haemolytica isolates recovered from cattle and sheep","volume":"65","author":"Davies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.d01-1880.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref014","first-page":"1249","article-title":"Role of Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin in the virulence and immunity in shipping fever pneumonia","volume":"14","author":"Clinkenbeard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(96)00055-7"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.5.2089-2095.1993","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a leukotoxin gene from a Pasteurella haemolytica-like organism, encoding a new member of the RTX toxin family","volume":"61","author":"Chang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref016","first-page":"1308","article-title":"Bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: immunity to Pasteurella haemolytica","volume":"193","author":"Confer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref005","first-page":"1920","article-title":"Interaction of Pasteurella haemolytica with bovine neutrophils: identification and partial characterization of a cytotoxin","volume":"42","author":"Baluyut","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref101","first-page":"1212","article-title":"Evidence for the Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin as a product of actively growing bacteria","volume":"46","author":"Shewen","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref019","first-page":"232","article-title":"Effects of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 culture supernatant on mechanisms controlling bovine alveolar macrophage oxygen radical production","volume":"54","author":"Conlon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1992.tb04961.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(87)90053-8"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.8.3081-3087.1996","article-title":"Escherichia coli hemolysin mutants with altered target cell specificity","volume":"64","author":"Pellett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13459.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(91)90023-4"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.171.11.5955-5962.1989"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.5058-5068.2002"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref085","first-page":"343","article-title":"Electron microscopic examination of cells of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 in experimentally infected cattle","volume":"53","author":"Morck","year":"1988","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1357-4310(95)80019-0"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.3.871-879.1997"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00397-X"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.2000.0410"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(85)90074-1"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.7.2687-2694.1996","article-title":"Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin induces bovine leukocytes to undergo morphologic changes consistent with apoptosis in vitro","volume":"64","author":"Stevens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.2920-2927.1999","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide complexes with Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.57.3.711-716.1989","article-title":"Pasteurella haemolytica antigens associated with resistance to pneumonic pasteurellosis","volume":"57","author":"Mosier","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47421-2","article-title":"Identification and immunological characterization of the domain of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin that determines its specificity for human target cells","volume":"269","author":"Lally","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(88)90092-7"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.35.1.91-94.1982","article-title":"Cytotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica acting on bovine leukocytes","volume":"35","author":"Shewen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.1.1989.8.15"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00299135"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.10.5581-5586.2000"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(89)90098-9"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02394.x"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref031","first-page":"435","article-title":"Iron-repressible outer-membrane proteins of Pasteurella haemolytica","volume":"135","author":"Deneer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of General Microbiology"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref002","first-page":"161","article-title":"The leukotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica binds to beta(2) integrins on bovine leukocytes","volume":"179","author":"Ambagala","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Letters"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.9.3126-3133.1991","article-title":"Activation of bovine neutrophils by partially purified Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin","volume":"59","author":"Czuprynski","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S1466252302000063_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)80033-3","article-title":"Identification of a hemolysin from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and characterization of its channel properties in planar phospholipid bilayers","volume":"264","author":"Lalonde","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"}],"container-title":["Animal Health Research Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1466252302000063","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T22:34:45Z","timestamp":1733956485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1466252302000063\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1466252302000063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/ahrr200242","relation":{},"ISSN":["1466-2523","1475-2654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1466-2523","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 CAB International 2002","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}