{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:11:21Z","timestamp":1790075481796,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,9]],"date-time":"2007-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1173398400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":616,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bull. Entomol. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>With an increasing incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, particularly in northern provinces, insecticide-mediated vector control is under consideration. Optimizing such a strategy requires the characterization of sand fly populations in target areas with regard to species composition and extant resistance, among other parameters. Sand flies were collected by human bait and cattle-baited net traps on Delft Island, used as an illegal transit location by many refugees returning to the north of Sri Lanka from southern India where leishmaniasis is endemic. For species identification, genomic DNA was extracted and a fragment of the ribosomal 18S gene amplified. The sequence from all flies analysed matched that of <jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic> Annandale &amp; Brunetti, the primary vector in India and the most likely vector in Sri Lanka. Independent morphological analysis also identified <jats:italic>P. argentipes<\/jats:italic>. To establish the current susceptibility status of vector species, data were obtained at the biochemical level, from which potential cross-resistance to alternative insecticides can be predicted. The Delft Island collection was assayed for the activities of four enzyme systems involved in insecticide resistance (acetylcholinesterase, non-specific carboxylesterases, glutathione-S-transferases and cytochrome p450 monooxygenases), establishing baselines against which subsequent collections can be evaluated. There was preliminary evidence for elevated esterases and altered acetylcholinesterase in this population, the first report of these resistance mechanisms in sand flies to our knowledge, which probably arose from the malathion-based spraying regimes of the Anti-Malarial Campaign.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1079\/ber2005368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,26]],"date-time":"2005-07-26T01:32:55Z","timestamp":1122341575000},"page":"371-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Molecular and biochemical characterization of a sand fly population from Sri Lanka: evidence for insecticide resistance due to altered esterases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"S.N.","family":"Surendran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.H.P.P.","family":"Karunaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Adamsn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hemingway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.J.","family":"Hawkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref006","first-page":"233","article-title":"Haem peroxidase activity measured in single mosquitoes identifies individual expression of elevated oxidases for insecticide resistance","volume":"13","author":"Brogdon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref013","first-page":"19","article-title":"Modification of acetylcholinesterase as a mechanism of resistance to insecticides","volume":"108","author":"Fournier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300014632"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/423136b"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pest.2001.2555"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2003.00420.x"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.52.31124"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-3575(87)90026-5"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref029","first-page":"217","article-title":"The phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Oriental Region","volume":"37","author":"Lewis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pest.1996.0003"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref021","first-page":"460","article-title":"Insecticide cross-resistance spectra and underlying resistance mechanisms of Sri Lankan anopheline vectors of malaria","volume":"30","author":"Karunaratne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00263.x"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pest.2001.2568"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref033","first-page":"72","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. An imported disease linked to the Middle East and African employment boom","volume":"42","author":"Naotunne","year":"1990","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300034350"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0319"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2510309"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref024","first-page":"1060","article-title":"Malathion resistance and prevalence of the malathion carboxylesterase mechanism in populations of mosquito vectors of disease in Sri Lanka","volume":"79","author":"Karunaratne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2004.03.018"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300018836"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.1998.00082.x"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref015","unstructured":"Hemingway J. (1998) Techniques to detect insecticide resistance mechanisms (field and laboratory manual). Document WHO\/CDS\/CPC\/MAL\/98.6 Geneva"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1949.11685395"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1998.0321"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-3575(82)90110-9"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2122"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022256412623"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref028","first-page":"123","article-title":"Premi\u00e8re mention de phl\u00e9botomes en Nouvelle-Cal\u00e9donie et description de deux esp\u00e8ces nouvelles (Diptera Psychodidae Pblebotominae)","volume":"157","author":"L\u00e9ger","year":"1993","journal-title":"M\u00e9moires du Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle A"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v48i1.3386"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(73)90258-7"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.11.141"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2000.00252.x"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref004","first-page":"432","article-title":"Locally acquired cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka","volume":"95","author":"Athukorale","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref037","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers","author":"Rozen","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref034","unstructured":"Penilla R.P. , Rodriguez A.D. , Hemingway J. , Estrada J.L.T. , Jimenez J.I.A. , Rodriguez M.H. (1996) Rotational and mosaic strategies for delaying the development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes \u2013 baseline data for a large scale field trial in Southern Mexico. pp. 401\u2013411 in Wildey K.B. Robinson W.H. . (Eds) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Insect Pests in the Urban Environment. BPCC Wheatons Ltd."},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1790(91)90009-4"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-3575(91)90213-6"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90061-7"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2000.00168.x"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabeshima T. , Kozaki T. , Tomita T. & Kono Y. (2003) An amino acid substitution on the second acetylcholinesterase in the pirimicarb-resistant strains of the peach\u2013potato aphid, Myzus persicae, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 307, 15\u201322.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01101-X"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.1999.820179.x"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.1999.00141.x"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2004.03.002"},{"key":"S0007485305000362_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.2.289"}],"container-title":["Bulletin of Entomological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007485305000362","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T09:52:07Z","timestamp":1692352327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007485305000362\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007485305000362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/ber2005368","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-4853","1475-2670"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-4853","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2670","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]}}}