{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T11:58:12Z","timestamp":1774439892583,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,25]],"date-time":"2008-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1206403200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12078,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1. Colonies of rats have been maintained for twelve generations on diets adequate (dietary-protein energy:total metabolizable energy (NDp:E) 0\u00b7I) or marginally deficient in protein (NDp:E 0\u00b7068)<\/jats:p><jats:p>2. In the malnourished colony, the proportion of \u2018small-for-gestational-age\u2019 offspring was ten times as high as amongst the well-nourished colony, growth was slow, sexual maturation delayed, especially in the females, and, when adult, both sexes were significantly lighter and shorter than adults of the well-nourished colony. Organs, other than the eye, weighed less than those of well-nourished \u2018age\u2019 controls, but when expressed relative to body-weight, the brain, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, testes, thymus and eyes were larger, the pancreas unchanged and the kidneys smaller than those of the well-nourished \u2018age\u2019 controls. The relative weight of the liver showed little change, being slightly increased in the males and, like the ovaries, slightly reduced in the females. On a body-weight basis, the brains were about 50% heavier than normal, but in absolute terms were 5\u20135\u00b75% lighter than those of the well-nourished animals, the cerebellum (10\u00b75% lighter in males and 12\u00b79% lighter in females) being more severely affected than the cerebrum (4% lighter)<\/jats:p><jats:p>3. The young malnourished rats showed increased exploratory activity, transient head tremors and an increased sensitivity to noise, the latter being long-lasting if not permanent. When adult, they showed marked differences in behaviour and learning patterns and it was difficult to attract and hold their attention. In situations demanding a choice the animals were very excited, emitted loud squeals and tried to escape from what was clearly a stressful situation. However, a casual examination of the malnourished adults revealed a rather small, badly groomed, excitable rat without gross abnormalities<\/jats:p><jats:p>4. The findings are discussed in relation to changes found in malnourished human communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn19750027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,17]],"date-time":"2005-09-17T04:07:20Z","timestamp":1126930040000},"page":"233-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Twelve generations of marginal protein deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"R. J. C.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. 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