{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:43:39Z","timestamp":1788306219338,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,9]],"date-time":"2007-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1173398400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":10113,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1. Rats were made oedematous by feeding them low-protein diets (protein: energy (P:E) 0.005) <jats:italic>ad lib.<\/jats:italic>, and measurements were made of plasma and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressures (\u03c0<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> and \u03c0<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> respectively) and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>) before, and at the onset of, oedema formation. Taken together as (\u03c0<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> \u2212 \u03c0<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> + <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>) these forces oppose capillary pressure (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>) and thus determine rates of transcapillary water filtration. Interstitial fluid was sampled, in non-oedematous and oedematous animals, from perforated capsules implanted subcutaneously for the measurement of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i.<\/jats:sub> Blood, plasma and interstitial fluid volumes were also determined.<\/jats:p><jats:p>2. In Expt I comparisons were made between animals fed on a control\ndiet (P:E 0.210) and the lowprotein diet. In normal animals the ratio \u03c0<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>:\u03c0<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> was approximately 2, but in protein deficiency it was increased since reductions in the absolute value of \u03c0<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> matched those in \u03c0<jats:sub>p.<\/jats:sub> These changes were observed 2 weeks after the start of the experiment and became more exaggerated when oedema appeared (weeks 18\u201322).<\/jats:p><jats:p>3. <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> was normally negative with respect to atmospheric pressure but increased to values close to zero when oedema formation occurred.<\/jats:p><jats:p>4. Despite the reductions in \u03c0<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> that were seen in the protein-deficient animals the sum of the forces opposing filtration (\u03c0<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> \u2212 \u03c0<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> + <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>) did not change significantly during the experiment.<\/jats:p><jats:p>5. Plasma and interstitial fluid volumes expressed per kg body-weight (measured using <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>I-albumin and <jats:sup>35<\/jats:sup>SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2\u2212<\/jats:sup>) were unchanged as \u03c0<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> initially decreased in the protein-deficient animals but increased markedly with the onset of oedema.<\/jats:p><jats:p>6. In Expt 2 comparisons were made between animals fed the low-protein diet <jats:italic>ad lib.<\/jats:italic> and others fed on the control diet in restricted amounts so that weight loss was the same in the two groups of animals.<\/jats:p><jats:p>7. The wasting induced by restriction of the control diet did not produce reductions in \u03c0<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> or \u03c0<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> and values for <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> were normal. Changes in the animals fed on the low-protein diet were similar to those observed in Expt I. By using <jats:sup>51<\/jats:sup>Cr-labelled erythrocytes it was shown that the expansion in plasma volume that occurred when oedema appeared in the protein-deficient animals was mainly due to a reduction in total erythrocyte volume. Blood volume did not increase significantly.<\/jats:p><jats:p>8. It was concluded that in the hypoproteinaemia induced in the experimental animals reductions in the value of \u03c0<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>, which might otherwise result in an imbalance of forces that would produce excessive rates of transcapillary water filtration, were compensated for by reductions in \u03c0<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>. Increases in <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> also compensated but were quantitatively less important.<\/jats:p><jats:p>9. The significance of the results is discussed in terms of the pathogenesis of oedema in kwashiorkor and the concept of an oncotic threshold for oedema formation in hypoproteinaemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn19790086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T14:09:04Z","timestamp":1118498944000},"page":"21-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Pathogenesis of oedema in protein-energy malnutrition: the significance of plasma colloid osmotic pressure"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Fiorotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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