{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:57:49Z","timestamp":1759939069367},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,9]],"date-time":"2007-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1173398400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6033,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A study was conducted to investigate the effect of differential dose levels of methylxanthines on lactational performance, with respect to milk volume and composition and pup growth. The methylxanthines; caffeine, theophylline and theobromine, were administered via drinking water in the proportions occurring in tea, at a dose of 50, 1 and 2 mg\/kg body-weight respectively to Wistar albino rats throughout pregnancy and for up to the 14th day of lactation. A fourth group received a mixture of all three methylxanthines. Maternal food and fluid intake and weight changes, as well as weight gain in the litter were monitored thrice weekly. Milk samples were collected from the dams on days 7 and 14 of lactation, while milk volume was measured on days 12\u201313 by a method using tritiated water. Results showed that caffeine and theobromine significantly enhanced litter weight (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.01 and 0.05 respectively). In the caffeine group, enhanced litter growth was due to a significant increase (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) in milk volume, consequent to increased maternal food intake (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05). In the theobromine group there was only a weak association between increased litter weight and milk volume. Theophylline had no effect on the volume or composition of milk, or litter weight. The combination of all three methylxanthines also failed to produce any of the positive effects observed with separate drug treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn19900036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,17]],"date-time":"2005-09-17T04:07:20Z","timestamp":1126930040000},"page":"339-350","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The effect of methylxanthines on milk volume and composition, and growth of rat pups"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Alexandra D.","family":"Hart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. F.","family":"Grimble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00734999"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref035","first-page":"367","volume-title":"The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","author":"Ritchie","year":"1975"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00345a001"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref039","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Breast Feeding and the Mother, CIBA Foundation Symposium no. 456 (new series)","author":"Widdowson","year":"1976"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19820125"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref043","first-page":"341 Abstr.","article-title":"The effect of dietary theobromine on food intake and growth of rats","volume":"35","author":"Zoumas","year":"1976","journal-title":"Federation Proceedings"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.57.4.518","article-title":"Theophylline secretion into breast milk","volume":"57","author":"Yurchak","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(80)80574-6"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.54.10.787"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(75)90082-4"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref037","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Technical Bulletin","year":"1971"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1980.179"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-197803040-00002"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref027","unstructured":"Mansaray Y. K. C. (1985). The effects of protein nutrition on lactational performance. PhD Thesis, University of Southampton."},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref020","article-title":"The effects of methylxanthines on lactational performance","volume":"115","author":"Hart","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref031","first-page":"333 Abstr.","article-title":"Elimination of transplacentally acquired caffeine in full-term","volume":"10","author":"Parsons","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1460109"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref003","first-page":"183","article-title":"Third International Caffeine Workshop. Special Report","volume":"39","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nutrition Reviews"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(68)90054-1"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(77)81329-2"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0440247"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1978.tb03717.x"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(75)90343-4","article-title":"Mini review: drug metabolism in the human neonate","volume":"16","author":"Homing","year":"1975","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(79)90046-4"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref018","first-page":"436","article-title":"Caffeine actions and adenosine","volume":"20","author":"Gould","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/109.5.840"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(82)90359-4"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref015","first-page":"249","article-title":"Local regulation of lipolysis in adipose tissue by fatty acids, prostaglandins and adenosine. Review article","volume":"56","author":"Fredholm","year":"1978","journal-title":"Medican Biology"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(79)90458-2"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref004","first-page":"519","article-title":"The fate of caffeine in man and a method for its estimation in biological materials","volume":"107","author":"Axelrod","year":"1953","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02590703"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref021","first-page":"2448","article-title":"Physiological basis of longitudinal changes in human milk yield and composition","volume":"43","author":"Hartman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Federation Proceedings"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref023","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise","author":"Jenness","year":"1974"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(69)90049-3"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(84)90176-2"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-101-6-1701"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1820287"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(81)90614-7"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref008","first-page":"61","article-title":"Changes in the yield and carbohydrate, lipid and protein content of milk during lactation in the rat","volume":"1","author":"Chalk","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental Physiology"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref007","first-page":"389","article-title":"Excretion of methylxanthines in human milk","volume":"5","author":"Berlin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Seminars in Perinatology"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-4127-7"},{"key":"S000711459000112X_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.5.989"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S000711459000112X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:23:18Z","timestamp":1706574198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S000711459000112X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S000711459000112X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/bjn19900036","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1145","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,9]]}}}