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Several cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) are involved in the formation of free radicals, partly by increasing the activity of nitric oxide synthase. Indeed, nitric oxide may mediate some of the deleterious effects of cytokines on bone resorption. Aspirin, tetracyclines, steroids and methotrexate can suppress nitric oxide synthase. Dietary antioxidants include ascorbate and the tocopherols and beneficial effects of high doses have been reported especially in osteoarthritis. There is also evidence for beneficial effects of \u03b2-carotene and selenium, the latter being a component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) include the<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-3 compounds, some of which are precursors of eicosanoid synthesis, and the<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-6 group which can increase formation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF\u03b1 and interleukin-6, and of reactive oxygen species. Some prostaglandins, however, suppress cytokine formation, so that<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-3 PUFA often oppose the inflammatory effects of some<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-6-PUFA. \u03b3-linolenic acid (GLA) is a precursor of prostaglandin E<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, a fact which may account for its reported ability to ameliorate arthritic symptoms. Fish oil supplements, rich in<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-3 PUFA such as eicosapentaenoic acid have been claimed as beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis, possibly by suppression of the immune system and its cytokine repertoire. Some other oils of marine origin (e.g. from the green-lipped mussel) and a range of vegetable oils (e.g. olive oil and evening primrose oil) have indirect anti-inflammatory actions, probably mediated via prostaglandin E<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>. 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