{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:30:40Z","timestamp":1789878640902,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,9]],"date-time":"2007-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1173398400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1163,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Br J Nutr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Typically, poultry diets contain 1\u20132 mg I\/kg, but higher concentrations are sometimes used to enhance the I content of eggs. In addition to an increased deposition of I in the yolk, other often adverse responses occur, especially at exceptionally high concentrations. Excess I in grower diets can prevent sexual maturation in male and female fowl, and in layer diets will progressively reduce egg production until, by about 2500 mg I\/kg diet, ovulation is inhibited and egg production ceases. Most I accumulates in the thyroid gland, and it is likely that the mechanism responsible for these reproductive disorders involves a modification of thyroid hormone activity. Simultaneous with the declining rate of lay, feed intake declines, egg weight and yolk-cholesterol contents decrease and body weight increases. Whereas fertility is unaffected in female breeders, hatch of fertile eggs is reduced, hatch time extended and embryonic mortality and dead-in-shell proportions increased. In contrast, male fertility is decreased because of an increased incidence of dead spermatozoa, although hatchability of eggs from normally fed hens is unaffected. All reproductive variables, together with feed intake and body weight, are normalised within about 7 d of returning to a diet with normal I levels. Excess I suppresses growth in meat-type chickens, but does not affect feed conversion efficiency. There are transient increases in plasma I and cholesterol concentration during excess I intake in all types of bird. The evidence for varying responses to different I sources is equivocal, but the consensus is that source is probably not important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn20031017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,27]],"date-time":"2004-01-27T23:51:23Z","timestamp":1075247483000},"page":"29-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Responses of domestic fowl to excess iodine: a review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"P. D.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref008","first-page":"248","article-title":"Effects of feeding high-iron and high-iodine diet to hens on the iron and iodine content in eggs and egg quality","volume":"17","author":"Cao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Shanghai Agric Coll"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref051","first-page":"18","article-title":"Effects of a high-iodine diet on performance, metabolism and egg quality in layers","volume":"26","author":"Yue","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Vet Zootech Sin"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0490804"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref043","first-page":"273","article-title":"The effects of excessive iodine intake on the activity of leukocytes and the level of plasmatic proteins in laying hens","volume":"4","author":"Travnicek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci Agric Bohemica"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref039","first-page":"229","article-title":"Changes in egg iodine concentration in three hen strains in relation to iodine level in diets","volume":"24","author":"Rys","year":"1997","journal-title":"Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-74-2-212"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/81.8.1218"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0561310"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref033","first-page":"384","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th European Poultry Conference","author":"Perry","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref032","first-page":"973","article-title":"Iodine supplementation from two sources and its effect on egg output","volume":"30","author":"Perry","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref026","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Dietary iodine effect on plasma iodine concentration","volume":"55","author":"May","year":"1976","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref020","first-page":"408","volume-title":"Scott's Nutrition of the Chicken","author":"Leeson","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0691576"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/12.1.1"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref014","first-page":"581","article-title":"Method for producing eggs containing a high amount of iodinated amino acids","author":"Ishikawa","year":"1980","journal-title":"United States Patent Application"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/87.4.394"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/92.3.325"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1950.tb31942.x"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.7.1.1","article-title":"Note on the effect of different doses of thyroid on the fowl","volume":"7","author":"Hutt","year":"1930","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref042","first-page":"177","article-title":"The effect of excessive iodine intake on the histology of the thyroid gland in layers","volume":"6","author":"Travnicek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Med (Praha)"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873001129002079"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref017","first-page":"207","article-title":"Metabolic effects of giving additional iodine to laying hens","volume":"7","author":"Kroupova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Med (Praha)"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref034","first-page":"142","article-title":"Combined feeding of zinc, iodine and salt-free diet for inducing moult and its effect on subsequent performance of layer","volume":"2","author":"Praharaj","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian J PoultSci"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref036","first-page":"349","volume-title":"Avian Physiology","author":"Ringer","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/81.3.193"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0570065"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0290306"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref015","first-page":"28","article-title":"Effect of iodine levels on laying performance of layers","volume":"1","author":"Kan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chin JAnim Sci"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref001","first-page":"107","article-title":"Reproduction and lactation in rats fed excessive iodine","volume":"84","author":"Ammerman","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Reprod"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref021","first-page":"181","article-title":"Effect of breed, age and body weight at sexual maturity on egg weight","volume":"35","author":"Lewis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref018","first-page":"369","article-title":"Iodine content in egg yolk during excessive intake by laying hens","volume":"44","author":"Kroupova","year":"1999","journal-title":"Czech J Anim Sci"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0510742"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0681126"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(76)90290-3"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/94.2.117"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref006","first-page":"304","article-title":"Effect of iodised water on layer performance","volume":"3","author":"Babu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian Vet J"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0410134"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0460426"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/76.12.1776"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0471535"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref040","first-page":"277","volume-title":"Nutrition of the Chicken","author":"Scott","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0461406"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref050","first-page":"449","article-title":"Effects of iron, zinc, iodine and selenium levels in rations on activities of metabolic enzymes of layers and egg quality","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Huazhong Agric Univ"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-122-31245"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Egg that may lower cholesterol unveiled","author":"Brown","year":"1988","journal-title":"Feedstuffs"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/6.4.407"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0100157"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref016","first-page":"288","article-title":"Iodine supplementation of laying hen feed: a supplementary measure to eliminate iodine deficiency in humans?","volume":"3","author":"Kaufmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Z Ernahrungswiss"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669108417366"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0590888"},{"key":"S0007114504000054_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0702402"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0007114504000054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T04:36:22Z","timestamp":1623645382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0007114504000054\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0007114504000054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/bjn20031017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0007-1145","1475-2662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1145","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}}}