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The pattern of eating in obesity ranges from over-eating associated with binge-eating disorder to the absence of binge-eating. The present review also examines evidence of defects in signalling that differentiate these sub-types. The signalling network underlying hunger, satiety and metabolic status includes the hormonal signals leptin and insulin from energy stores, and cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, ghrelin and peptide YY3-36 from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as neuronal influences via the vagus nerve from the digestive tract. This information is routed to specific nuclei of the hypothalamus and brain stem, such as the arcuate nucleus and the solitary tract nucleus respectively, which in turn activate distinct neuronal networks. Of the numerous neuropeptides in the brain, neuropeptide Y, agouti gene-related peptide and orexin stimulate appetite, while melanocortins and \u03b1-melanocortin-stimulating hormone are involved in satiety. Of the many gastrointestinal peptides, ghrelin is the only appetite-stimulating hormone, whereas cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY3-36 promote satiety. Adipose tissue provides signals about energy storage levels to the brain through leptin, adiponectin and resistin. Binge-eating has been related to a dysfunction in the ghrelin signalling system. Moreover, changes in gastric capacity are observed, and as gastric capacity is increased, so satiety signals arising from gastric and post-gastric cues are reduced. Understanding the host of neuropeptides and peptide hormones through which hunger and satiety operate should lead to novel therapeutic approaches for obesity; potential therapeutic strategies are highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn20041142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,28]],"date-time":"2004-10-28T09:47:01Z","timestamp":1098956821000},"page":"S47-S57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Peripheral and central signals in the control of eating in normal, obese and binge-eating human subjects"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Per M.","family":"Hellstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Geliebter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"N\u00e4slund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter T.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric K.","family":"Yahav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sami A.","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin R.","family":"Yeomans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8111"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2000.0725"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.5.597"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/379069a0"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.4.707"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35038090"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref111","first-page":"G662","article-title":"Biological determinants of intestinotrophic properties of GLP-2","volume":"272","author":"Tsai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.7.1137"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101042998"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-002-0378-7"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/77535"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref105","first-page":"R848","article-title":"Central administration of GLP-1-(7-36) amide inhibits food and water intake in rats","volume":"271","author":"Tang-Christensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.12.7167"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802247"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.2.178"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.1.8129"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref095","first-page":"R872","article-title":"Gastric loads and cholecystokinin synergistically stimulate rat gastric vagal afferents","volume":"265","author":"Schwartz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35053000"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(03)00175-7"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.45.26746"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350050177"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref091","first-page":"509","article-title":"A reliable and convenient parameter of the rate of paracetamol absorption to measure gastric emptying rate of liquids","volume":"35","author":"Sanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/npep.1999.0051"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70131-8"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1994.tb01347.x"},{"key":"S0007114504001758_ref085","first-page":"275","article-title":"Does your gut taste? 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