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Administration of IHE with an atherogenic (high-fat and high-cholesterol) diet for 2 weeks resulted in a significant increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701), along with a concomitant reduction in the atherosclerosis index, an increase in liver weight and a decrease in body weight gain in a dose-dependent manner. When animals received IHE with either a cholesterol or a basal diet for 1 week, significant decreases in the liver content of cholesterol (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701) and triacylglycerol (cholesterol diet,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701) were observed. Quantitative analyses of hepatic mRNA levels revealed that IHE administration resulted in up-regulation of mRNA for acyl-CoA oxidase, acyl-CoA synthetase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthetase, lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid transport protein, and down-regulation of mRNA for Apo CIII and Apo AI. Administration of purified isohumulones effectively resulted in the same changes as IHE. Administration of fenofibrate, an agonist for PPAR\u03b1, with a cholesterol diet caused marked hepatomegaly, an increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol, a decrease in hepatic cholesterol content, and alterations in hepatic mRNA levels similar to those observed in mice given IHE. Taken together, these results suggest that the modulation of lipid metabolism observed in mice fed diets containing isohumulones is, at least in part, mediated by activation of PPAR\u03b1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn20041384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,9]],"date-time":"2005-06-09T23:11:04Z","timestamp":1118358664000},"page":"559-567","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Dietary isohumulones, the bitter components of beer, raise plasma HDL-cholesterol levels and reduce liver cholesterol and triacylglycerol contents similar to PPAR\u03b1 activations in C57BL\/6 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