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Helminthol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>At present, the genus <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic> comprises seven species of which five have encapsulated muscle larvae (<jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T. nativa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T. britovi<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T. nelsoni<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. murrelli<\/jats:italic>) and two do not (<jats:italic>T. pseudospiralis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. papuae<\/jats:italic>) plus three genotypes of non-specific status (T6, T8 and T9). The diagnostic characteristics of these species are based on biological, biochemical and genetic criteria. Of biological significance is variation observed among species and isolates in parameters such as infectivity and immunogenicity. Infectivity of <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic> species or isolates is determined, among other considerations, by the immune status of the host in response to species- or isolate-specific antigens. Common and particular antigens determine the extent of protective responses against homologous or heterologous challenge. The kinetics of isotype, cytokine and inflammatory responses against <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> infections are isolate-dependent. <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T. pseudospiralis<\/jats:italic> induce different dose-dependent T-cell polarizations in the early host response, with <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> initially preferentially promoting Th1-type responses before switching to Th2 and <jats:italic>T. pseudospiralis<\/jats:italic> driving Th2-type responses from the outset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1079\/joh2003170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,22]],"date-time":"2003-05-22T21:50:12Z","timestamp":1053640212000},"page":"111-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Biological variation in <i>Trichinella<\/i> species and 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