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Clonorchiasis occurs in all parts of the world where there are Asian immigrants from endemic areas. The human and animal reservoir hosts (dogs, pigs, cats and rats) acquire the infection from the ingestion of raw fish containing infectious metacercariae. The first intermediate snail hosts are mainly species of <jats:italic>Parafossarulus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bithynia<\/jats:italic>. Numerous species of freshwater fish serve as the second intermediate hosts of <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic>. Extensive studies of clonorchiasis during several decades in Japan, Korea, China and other countries have shown much progress in proving its morphological features including ultrastructure, biology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations and chemotherapy. The present review deals with mainly current results obtained on the epidemiological, pathological and clinical aspects, as well as control measures in endemic areas. As for the complications of clonorchiasis, formation of calculi in the intrahepatic biliary passages is one of the most characteristic pathological features. It is sometimes accompanied by suppurative cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholangiohepatitis and ultimately can cause cholangiocarcinoma. Experimental results on the relationship to the occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma are presented. Clinical diagnosis by radiological findings including cholangiography, sonography and computerized tomography as well as magnetic resonance imaging for biliary or pancreatic ducts are outlined. Current studies on immunology and molecular biology of <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> were introduced. Praziquantel is the drug of choice for clonorchiasis. The most effective regimen is 25 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> three times daily (total dose, 75 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) administered orally at 5- to 6-h intervals over a single day. Prevention and control measures are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1079\/joh2005300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,12]],"date-time":"2005-09-12T22:05:11Z","timestamp":1126562711000},"page":"269-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":251,"title":["Clonorchiasis: an update"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"H.-J.","family":"Rim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.155.5.2120925"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1993.31.1.21"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[1000:EOCPOC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref088","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control of foodborne trematode infections","volume":"849","year":"1995","journal-title":"WHO Technical Report Series"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02062-4"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.1996.34.4.279"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-004-1206-5"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref045","first-page":"7","article-title":"Promotion of cholangiocarcinomas by Clonorchis sinensis infection in hamsters after induction by dimethylnitrosamine","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Tumor Marker Oncology"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref072","first-page":"77","article-title":"Studies on the epidemiological changes of clonorchiasis in the high endemic area (Kimhae City)","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"1984","journal-title":"Korea University Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref034","first-page":"107","article-title":"Studies on the clinical aspects of clonorchiasis in Korea","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"1982","journal-title":"Korea University Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80467-9"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref075","first-page":"21","article-title":"Clonorchiasis and hepatic neoplasm","volume":"28","author":"Purtilo","year":"1976","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref002","first-page":"193","article-title":"A preliminary study of clinical staging in clonorchiasis","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Microbiology and Immunology (Taiwan)"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref083","first-page":"289","article-title":"A case of intracranial hypertension induced by treatment with praziquantel for clonorchiasis in a patient complicated with cerebral cysticercosis","volume":"10","author":"Shu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chinese Journal ofParasitology and Parasitic Diseases"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref032","first-page":"3","article-title":"Ecological studies of Clonorchis sinensis","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"1974","journal-title":"Yonsei Reports of Tropical Medicine"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0962-y"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref028","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th workshop on the Korea\u2013China collaborative project of control strategies for helminthiasis in pilot areas","author":"Ji","year":"2004"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref042","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Japan\u2013Korea Parasitologists Seminar (Forum Cheju-2)","author":"Lee","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref038","first-page":"247","article-title":"Relationship between Clonorchis sinensis infection and cholangiocarcinoma of the liver in Korea","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"1974","journal-title":"Seoul Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref003","first-page":"62","article-title":"Current status of food-borne parasitic zoonoses in Taiwan","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0022149X00703671_ref014","first-page":"291","article-title":"Epidemiologic characteristics of clonorchiasis sinensis in Guangdong Province","volume":"25","author":"Fang","year":"1994","journal-title":"China. 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