{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T23:11:34Z","timestamp":1782515494019,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]],"date-time":"1998-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":912470400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980098000421_sec01\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Menstrual disorders are common in young women, and heavy menstrual blood losses (MBL) are an important cause of anaemia. Menstrual morbidity normally goes untreated in developing countries where cultural barriers also serve to mask the problems. We investigated the prevalence of menstrual morbidity, and measured MBL and its relationship to iron deficiency in a rural adolescent population. The rationale was to assess whether or not reducing heavy MBL could be part of a strategy to reduce iron deficiency anaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980098000421_sec02\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rural village in south-east Nigeria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980098000421_sec03\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980098000421_sec04\"><jats:title>Subjects:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study included all non-pregnant, unmarried nulliparous girls (&lt; 20 years) who had menstruated, and who lived in K'Dere village.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980098000421_sec05\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A field worker allocated to each girl completed a questionnaire, and supervised recovery and collection of soiled pads and ensured blood sampling. MBL was measured using the standard alkaline haematin method. Haemoglobin (Hb), serum iron, transferrin saturation and protoporphyrin levels (ZPP) were also measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980098000421_sec06\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>307 girls completed MBL measurements; 11.9% refused to participate. 12.1% had menorrhagia (&gt; 80 ml); median MBL was 33.1 ml. Menorrhagia was more frequent in girls who had menstruated for &gt; 2 years (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.048), and had longer duration of menses (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001). Iron status as measured by haematocrit, serum iron, transferrin saturation and ZPP values was inversely related to MBL. Neither height nor body mass index for age was associated with current iron status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980098000421_sec07\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The level of menorrhagia detected (12%) may be an \u2018expected\u2019 level for a condition which often has no underlying pathology. Heavy MBL is one of the most important factors contributing to iron deficiency anaemia. Measures are needed to alleviate menstrual disorders, and improve iron status. Oral contraceptives can be part of a strategy to reduce anaemia, particularly for adolescents at high risk of unwanted pregnancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1079\/phn19980041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,11]],"date-time":"2005-08-11T06:52:28Z","timestamp":1123743148000},"page":"249-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Reducing iron deficiency anaemia due to heavy menstrual blood loss in Nigerian rural adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Fiona","family":"Barr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loretta","family":"Brabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shola","family":"Agbaje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiekumo","family":"Buseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ikimalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimi","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980098000421_ref035","volume-title":"Menstnual Disorden and Subfertirity Module of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","author":"Iyer","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1368980098000421_ref017","first-page":"244","article-title":"Epidemiologic survey of menstrual patterns amongst adolescents in Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Odujinrin","year":"1991","journal-title":"West Afr. 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