{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T20:45:15Z","timestamp":1770065115489,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,22]],"date-time":"2006-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1166745600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1239,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980003000612_sec01\"><jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among lactating women in a poor urban population of Bangladesh, and to examine the relationship between various factors and vitamin A status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980003000612_sec02\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980003000612_sec03\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal and child health clinic in Dhaka City, Bangladesh.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980003000612_sec04\"><jats:title>Subjects and methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 120 lactating women aged 17\u201337 years were randomly selected from women who attended a local maternal and child health clinic in Dhaka City for immunisation of their children. Various socio-economic, personal characteristics, dietary intakes of vitamin A and anthropometric data were collected. Serum retinol (vitamin A) concentration was determined as a measure of vitamin A status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980003000612_sec05\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the subjects, 37% had low serum vitamin A levels (&lt;30 \u03bcg dl<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), with 13.3% having sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency (&lt;20 \u03bcg dl<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). Eighty-seven per cent had vitamin A intakes below the recommended dietary allowance. The lactating women who were either illiterate or received only informal education had significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.002) lower serum vitamin A levels compared with those who received formal education. The women whose husbands received formal education had significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.05) higher serum vitamin A levels than those whose husbands were either illiterate or received only informal education. The serum vitamin A levels of women in households with poor sanitation\/latrine practice were significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.03) lower than those of women in households with good sanitation\/latrine practice. The women with one child had significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.015) lower serum vitamin A levels than those with two or more children. Women with a lactation period of 6 months or more had significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.034) lower serum vitamin A levels than women with a lactation period of less than 6 months. The women who consumed less than the median vitamin A intake (274.8 \u03bcg day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) had significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.01) lower serum vitamin A levels than those who consumed more than the median vitamin A intake. By multiple regression analysis, education level of the women, number of living children, duration of lactation and dietary intake of vitamin A were found to have significant independent relationships with serum vitamin A. The overall<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>-ratio (6.8) was highly significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.000), the adjusted<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>was 0.16 (multiple<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>= 0.44).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980003000612_sec06\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant proportion of poor, urban, lactating women in Bangladesh have vitamin A deficiency. Among the various factors, education level of the women, number of living children, duration of lactation and dietary intake of vitamin A appear to be important in influencing the vitamin A status of these women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1079\/phn2002454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,20]],"date-time":"2003-09-20T07:59:20Z","timestamp":1064044760000},"page":"447-452","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Vitamin A deficiency in poor, urban, lactating women in Bangladesh: factors influencing vitamin A status"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Faruk","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asfia","family":"Azim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Akhtaruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.2.517S"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.5.909","article-title":"Lactation capacity in marginally nourished mothers: relationship between maternal nutritional status and quantity and proximate composition of milk","volume":"78","author":"Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref012","volume-title":"Bangladesh Nutritional Blindness Study, 1982\u201383","year":"1985"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref016","volume-title":"National Vitamin A Survey, 1997\u201398","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.8.2122"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref001","volume-title":"Nutrition for Health and Development. A Global Agenda for Combating Malnutrition","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.1.144"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600469"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.3.595"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7183.570"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.2.231"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref017","volume-title":"24-VASQ Method for Estimating Vitamin A Intake","author":"de Pee","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.1.108"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.4.666"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref002","unstructured":"2 Beaton GH , Martorell R , Aronson KJ , Edmonston B , McCabe G , Ross AC , Effectiveness of Vitamin A Supplementation in the Control of Young Child Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Countries. 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Urban RP\/MCH Working Paper No. 6 DhakaInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchBangladesh, 1993; 10\u201315."},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/58.3.334"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.2.356"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref019","volume-title":"Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS\/PC+ Version 10.0","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1368980003000612_ref004","volume-title":"Nutritional Blindness: Xerophthalmia and Keratomalacia","author":"Sommer","year":"1982"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980003000612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T20:11:02Z","timestamp":1704917462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980003000612\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980003000612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/phn2002454","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]}}}