{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:36:59Z","timestamp":1792021019233,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]],"date-time":"2007-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167696000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":976,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980004000485_sec01\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many factors need to be considered in a food-based intervention. Vitamin A deficiency and chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease and cancer, have become serious problems in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) following the decreased production and consumption of locally grown foods. However, agricultural and social conditions are still favourable for local food production.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980004000485_sec02\"><jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify key factors to consider in a Micronesian food-based intervention focusing on increased production and consumption of four major Micronesian staple foods: banana, breadfruit, giant swamp taro and pandanus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980004000485_sec03\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ethnographic methods including key informant interviews and a literature review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980004000485_sec04\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pacific and Micronesian values, concepts of food and disease, and food classifications differ sharply from Western concepts. There are few FSM professionals with nutrition expertise. Traditional foods and food cultivars vary in nutrient content, consumption level, cost, availability, status, convenience in growing, storing and cooking, and organoleptic factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980004000485_sec05\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic consideration of the factors that relate to a food-based intervention is critical to its success. The evaluation of which food and cultivar of that food that might be most effectively promoted is also critical. Regional differences, for example FSM inter-island differences between the staple foods and cultivars, must be considered carefully. The evaluation framework presented here may be relevant to Pacific Island and other countries with similar foods where food-based interventions are being planned. An ethnographic approach was found to be essential in understanding the cultural context and in data collection and analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1079\/phn2003544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,17]],"date-time":"2004-05-17T22:23:23Z","timestamp":1084832603000},"page":"423-431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Factors to consider in Micronesian food-based interventions: a case study of preventing vitamin A deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"L","family":"Englberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GC","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MH","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref010","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Lectures presented at the 13th International Symposium on Carotenoids held in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 6\u201311 January 2002","volume":"74","author":"Bertram","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Chemistry"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2001.tb06985.x"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref058","first-page":"28","article-title":"Promotion of vitamin A-rich foods in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia: was the 1999 campaign a success?","volume":"2","author":"Englberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sight and Life Newsletter"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/156482659201400115","article-title":"Natural food sources of vitamin A and provitamin A","volume":"14","author":"Booth","year":"1992","journal-title":"Food and Nutrition Bulletin"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.1992.9991271"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref023","volume-title":"Culture, Environment, and Food to Prevent Vitamin A Deficiency","author":"Kuhnlein","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref035","volume-title":"A Situation Analysis of Children and Women in the Federated States of Micronesia","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780824843762","volume-title":"The New Shape of Old Island Cultures: A Half Century of Social Change in Micronesia","author":"Hezel","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"Foods and drinks for the 21st century in Fiji","volume":"24","author":"Thaman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fiji Food and Nutrition Newsletter"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref026","volume-title":"Qualitative Data Analysis","author":"Miles","year":"1994"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref057","first-page":"67","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency in Micronesia","volume":"3","author":"Van der Haar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sight and Life Newsletter"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.3.518S"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3182(88)80238-3"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1575(02)00169-2"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref056","volume-title":"The 1987\/88 National Nutrition Survey of the Federated States of Micronesia","author":"Elymore","year":"1989"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref038","volume-title":"Kusaiean Acculturation 1824\u20131948. Division of Land Management, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands","author":"Lewis","year":"1967"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009783"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref040","volume-title":"Review of the Family Food Production and Nutrition Project","author":"Barker","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref025","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Qualitative Research: Discourse on Methodologies","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2002364"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref002","first-page":"509","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency among children \u2013 Federated States of Micronesia, 2000","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref045","unstructured":"45 Demory BGH . An illusion of surplus: the effect of status rivalry upon family consumption. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 1976."},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref043","volume-title":"Report on a Field Visit to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 16 February\u20132 March 1972","author":"Jansen","year":"1972"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref030","volume-title":"Successful Community Nutrition Programming: Lessons from Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda","author":"Iannotti","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref022","unstructured":"22 Englberger L . A community and laboratory-based assessment of the natural food sources of vitamin A in the Federated States of Micronesia. PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2003."},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref029","volume-title":"Health Promotion Planning: An Educational and Environmental Approach","author":"Green","year":"1991"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref039","volume-title":"Rethinking Food Guidance in the Pacific: Workshop Report","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref037","unstructured":"37 Debunce LA . Cultural changes in horticultural practices on the high island of Kosrae, Micronesia. PhD thesis, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 1996."},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref009","volume-title":"Sight and Life Manual on Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders. (VADD)","author":"McLaren","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(89)80061-2"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref032","volume-title":"These Roots Remain: Food Habits in Islands of the Central and Eastern Pacific since Western Contact","author":"Pollock","year":"1992"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650002100202"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1575(02)00171-0"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref041","volume-title":"The UNICEF Family Food Production and Nutrition Project. Evaluation Report","author":"Schoeffel","year":"1991"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2001.tb06983.x"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1575(02)00133-3"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref013","volume-title":"Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref047","unstructured":"47 Ward RL . Curing on Ponape: a medical ethnography. PhD thesis, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 1977."},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.1999.9991570"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref001","volume-title":"Report of Pohnpei Child Health Survey","author":"Auerbach","year":"1994"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(05)80688-8"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref005","volume-title":"Obesity, Hypertension, and Type II Diabetes Mellitus and the Non-communicable Diseases (NCD) Program in the Federated States of Micronesia","author":"Auerbach","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref006","volume-title":"The Effect of Urbanisation and Western Diet on the Health of Pacific Island Populations","author":"Coyne","year":"1984"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref007","volume-title":"Lifestyle Diseases in Pacific Communities","author":"Coyne","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000022953"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref016","unstructured":"16 Raynor B . Agroforestry Systems in Pohnpei \u2013 Practices and Strategies for Development. Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. RAS\/86\/036 Field Document 4. FAO\/UNDP South Pacific Forestry Development Programme, 1991."},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref017","first-page":"9","article-title":"Consumerism in Micronesia","volume":"28","author":"Rody","year":"1978","journal-title":"South Pacific Bulletin"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref021","volume-title":"A Guide to Carotenoid Analysis in Foods","author":"Rodriguez-Amaya","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref024","volume-title":"Community Assessment of Natural Food Sources of Vitamin A: Guidelines for an Ethnographic Protocol","author":"Blum","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref031","first-page":"56","volume-title":"Proceedings of SPC Regional Nutritionists Workshop, Auckland, New Zealand, 18\u201320 September 1999","author":"Schultz","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref036","volume-title":"Whisper of the Mother: From Menarche to Menopause among Women in Pohnpei","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02985251"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref044","volume-title":"The South Pacific","author":"Crocombe","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref046","volume-title":"Institutes of Medicine Meeting, 18\u201319 April 1997","author":"Flear","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref048","first-page":"4","article-title":"Guest editorial","volume":"1","author":"Pretrick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pacific Health Dialog"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref050","volume-title":"The Staples We Eat","author":"Malolo","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref051","volume-title":"Legends of Kosrae","author":"Tilfas","year":"1993"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref053","volume-title":"A Pacific Economy in Transition. Volume 22","author":"Bascom","year":"1965"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref054","first-page":"166","article-title":"Nutrition training: needs and priorities in the Pacific","volume":"4","author":"Malolo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pacific Health Dialog"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref055","first-page":"109","article-title":"Research imperialism in Pacific health: the case of Tonga (1966\u20131977)","volume":"7","author":"Finau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pacific Health Dialog"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref060","first-page":"389","article-title":"Impact of a social marketing campaign promoting dark-green leafy vegetables and eggs in central Java, Indonesia","volume":"68","author":"De Pee","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"S1368980004000485_ref033","first-page":"44","article-title":"Health care in the Pacific: who would bell the cat?","volume":"1","author":"Finau","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pacific Health Dialog"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980004000485","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T16:52:19Z","timestamp":1623948739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980004000485\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980004000485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/phn2003544","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}}}