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Articles from references dated before 1990 were followed up separately. A subsequent search using Clio updated the search and extended it by using \u2018life cycle\u2019, \u2018nutrition\u2019 and \u2018noncommunicable disease\u2019 (NCD), and \u2018life course\u2019. Several published and unpublished WHO reports were key in developing the background and arguments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980004000163_sec03\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>International and national public health and nutrition policy development in light of the global epidemic in chronic diseases, and the continuing nutrition, demographic and epidemiological transitions happening in an increasingly globalized world.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980004000163_sec04\"><jats:title>Results of review:<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a global epidemic of increasing obesity, diabetes and other chronic NCDs, especially in developing and transitional economies, and in the less affluent within these, and in the developed countries. At the same time, there has been an increase in communities and households that have coincident under- and over-nutrition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980004000163_sec05\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The epidemic will continue to increase and is due to a lifetime of exposures and influences. Genetic predisposition plays an unspecified role, and with programming during fetal life for adult disease contributing to an unknown degree. A global rise in obesity levels is contributing to a particular epidemic of type 2 diabetes as well as other NCDs. Prevention will be the most cost-effective and feasible approach for many countries and should involve three mutually reinforcing strategies throughout life, starting in the antenatal period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1079\/phn2003584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,18]],"date-time":"2004-02-18T23:08:59Z","timestamp":1077145739000},"page":"101-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":312,"title":["A life course approach to diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"I","family":"Darnton-Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Nishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"WPT","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980004000163_ref015","unstructured":"15 Ben-Shlomo Y , Kuh D . 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