{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T06:59:24Z","timestamp":1761893964718},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]],"date-time":"2007-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167696000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":976,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980004000436_sec01\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To indicate why the world's most powerful nation state and one powerful sector of the food and drink production and manufacturing industry are determined to demolish the 2004 WHO (World Health Organization) global strategy on diet, physical activity and health, and to disassociate it from the 2003 WHO\/FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) expert report on diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases, which with its background papers is the immediate scientific basis for the strategy. To encourage representatives of nation states at the 2004 WHO World Health Assembly to support the strategy together with the report, so that the strategy is explicit and quantified, and responds to the need expressed by member states at the 2002 World Health Assembly. This is for an effective global strategy to prevent and control chronic diseases whose prevalence is increased by nutrient-poor food low in vegetables and fruits and high in energy-dense fatty, sugary and\/or salty foods and drinks and also by physical inactivity. Of these diseases, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers of several sites are now the chief causes of morbidity and mortality in most countries in the world.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980004000436_sec02\"><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A summary of the global strategy and its roots in scientific knowledge accumulated over the last half-century. Reasons why the global strategy and the expert report are opposed by the current US government and the world sugar industry, with some reference to modern historical context. A summary of the trajectory of the global strategy since its first draft made in early 2003, and a further summary of its weaknesses, strengths and potential.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980004000436_sec03\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 2004 WHO global strategy and the 2003 WHO\/FAO expert report are perceived by the current US administration as an impediment to US trade and international policy, within a general context of current US government hostility to the UN (United Nations) system as a brake on the exercise of its power as the world's dominant nation. Policy-makers throughout the world should be aware of the contexts of current pressures put on them by powerful nation states and sectors of industry whose ideologies and commercial interests are challenged by international initiatives designed to improve public health and to leave a better legacy for future generations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1079\/phn2004625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,17]],"date-time":"2004-05-17T22:23:23Z","timestamp":1084832603000},"page":"369-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Why the Bush administration and the global sugar industry are determined to demolish the 2004 WHO global strategy on diet, physical activity and health"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Cannon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref041","unstructured":"41 International Sugar Association. Joint WHO\/FAO technical report on: \u2018Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases\u2019. Memorandum (04)05 from the Executive Director. Unpublished. Available from this writer."},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref006","unstructured":"6 International Union of Nutritional Sciences. Statement to the FAO COAG meeting, Rome, 9 02 2004. Available at www.iotf.org."},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref003","volume-title":"Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref009","volume-title":"Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases","year":"1990"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref044","volume-title":"The Politics of Food","author":"Cannon","year":"1987"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref035","volume-title":"The Sorrows of Empire. Militarism, Secrecy and the End of the Republic","author":"Johnson","year":"2004"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref032","unstructured":"32 US Department of Health and Human Services. Letter to WHO Director-General, 5 01 2004. Unpublished. Available at www.commercialalert.org."},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref001","volume-title":"Shaping the Future. World Health Report 2003","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref043","volume-title":"Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease","year":"1994"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref013","volume-title":"Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. World Health Report 2002","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref045","unstructured":"45 World Bank. Sugar Policies: Opertunities for Change . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3222, 02 2004. Available at www.econ.worldbank.org"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref036","volume-title":"American Empire. Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization","author":"Smith","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref021","volume-title":"John Maynard Keynes. Economist, Philosopher, Statesman","author":"Skidelsky","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref024","volume-title":"George Soros on Globalization","author":"Soros","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2003592"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref038","volume-title":"Late Victorian Holocausts. El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World","author":"Davis","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref023","volume-title":"Globalization and its Discontents","author":"Stiglitz","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref033","unstructured":"33 Statements from 52 members states on the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. Available at www.who.int.hpr"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref002","volume-title":"Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref004","volume-title":"Rigged Rules and Double Standards. Trade, Globalization and the Fight against Poverty","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref005","volume-title":"Development as Freedom","author":"Sen","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref031","unstructured":"31 US Department of Health and Human Services. Requests for changes in the WHO global strategy \u2018inal\u2019 draft of 25 09 2003. Letter to WHO. Undated, Unpublished. Available from this writer."},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref007","unstructured":"7 World Health Organization. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health, 04 2004. Available at www.who.int.hpr"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref012","unstructured":"12 World Health Organization, World Health Assembly 55th meeting. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Resolution WHA55.23, 2002. Available at www.who.int.hpr"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref014","volume-title":"Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding","year":"2004"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref016","unstructured":"16 World Health Organization. Integrated prevention of noncommunicable diseases. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health, 11 2003. Formerly available at www.who.int.hpr"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref017","unstructured":"17 Government of the USA. Statement to WHO, 27 02 2004. Available at www.who.int.hpr"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref018","volume-title":"Western Diseases: Their Emergence and Prevention","author":"Trowell","year":"1981"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref022","volume-title":"The Age of Consent. A Manifesto for a New World Order.","author":"Monbiot","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref025","volume-title":"Empire","author":"Hardt","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref026","volume-title":"Imperialism without Colonies","author":"Magdoff","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref028","volume-title":"Blowback. The Costs and Consequences of American Empire","author":"Johnson","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref029","volume-title":"Blueprint for Action on Breastfeeding","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref030","unstructured":"30 Available at http:\/\/www.state.gov\/r\/pa\/ei\/ris\/24236.htm"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref034","volume-title":"Rogue State. A Guide to the World's Only Superpower","author":"Blum","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref037","volume-title":"First Great Triumph. How Five Americans made their Country a World Power","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref027","volume-title":"American Dynasty. Aristocracy, Fortune and the Politics of Deceit in the House of Bush","author":"Phillips","year":"2004"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref039","volume-title":"Sweetness and Power. The Place of Sugar in Modern History","author":"Mintz","year":"1985"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref042","unstructured":"42 Sugar Association. Sound science and prospects for sugar consumption. Presentation to the Agricultural Outlook Forum, 28 01 2004. Available from this writer."},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref015","unstructured":"15 UN General Assembly. Road Map Towards the Implementation of the United Nations Millienium Declaration . Report of the Secretary General A\/56\/326,2001. Available at http:\/\/ www.millenniumindicators.un.org\/unsd\/mi\/mi_goals.asp"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref010","volume-title":"World Declaration and Plan of Action for Nutrition","year":"1992"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref019","volume-title":"The Fate of Nations. Food and Nutrition Policy in the New World","author":"Cannon","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2004622"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref040","unstructured":"40 Revill J , Harris P . US sugar barons \u2018block global war on obesity\u2019. The Observer, 18 01 2004."},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref020","volume-title":"The Physiology of Taste. Or, Meditations on Transcendental Gastronomy","author":"Brillat-Savarin","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1368980004000436_ref008","volume-title":"Food and Health: The Experts Agree. An Analysis of the Findings of 100 Authoritative Expert Reports on Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases Published between 1961 and 1991","author":"Cannon","year":"1992"}],"container-title":["Public Health Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1368980004000436","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T21:12:22Z","timestamp":1557177142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1368980004000436\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1368980004000436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/phn2004625","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-9800","1475-2727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-9800","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-2727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}}}