{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T14:34:48Z","timestamp":1778596488452,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,31]],"date-time":"2010-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":609,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. To determine maternal risk factors for stillbirth among pregnant HIV\u2010infected women in sub\u2010Saharan Africa. <jats:italic>Design<\/jats:italic>. Prospective cohort study nested within a micronutrient trial. At enrollment, maternal sociodemographic, obstetric, immunologic, clinical, and nutritional variables were measured. Women were followed through monthly clinic visits until delivery. Multivariate predictors of stillbirth were identified in Poisson regression models. <jats:italic>Setting<\/jats:italic>. Antenatal clinic in a tertiary care hospital in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. <jats:italic>Population<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 1,078 women enrolled between 12 and 27 weeks of gestation. <jats:italic>Main outcome measures<\/jats:italic>. Stillbirth (delivery of dead baby \u2265 28 weeks\u2019 gestation), fresh stillbirth, and macerated stillbirth. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Among 1,017 singleton pregnancies, there were 49 stillbirths, yielding a stillbirth risk of 50.0 per 1,000 deliveries (95% Confidence Interval(CI) = 37.2, 65.6). Of stillbirths with known type, 53.7% were fresh and 46.3% macerated. In multivariate analyses, baseline measures of late (\u2265 21 weeks\u2019 gestation) study entry (Relative Risk (RR) = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.17, 3.87), CD3 count \u2265 1,179 cells\/ml (RR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.16, 4.01), stillbirth history (RR = 3.53, 95% CI = 1.30, 9.59), primiparity (RR = 3.65, 95% CI = 1.83, 7.29), and syphilis infection (RR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.09, 3.88) predicted increased stillbirth risk. Late study entry, illiteracy, stillbirth history, primiparity, CD3 count \u2265 1,179 cells\/ml, gonorrhea infection, and previous hospitalization predicted increased risk of fresh stillbirth, while living alone and syphilis infection predicted increased risk of macerated stillbirth. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. Applying antenatal screening and preventive tools for the socioeconomic, obstetric, immunologic, and clinical risk factors identified may assist in reducing the high incidence of stillbirth among HIV\u2010infected women in urban sub\u2010Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340902835901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,20]],"date-time":"2009-03-20T12:23:27Z","timestamp":1237551807000},"page":"584-592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Predictors of stillbirth among HIV\u2010infected Tanzanian women"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"ROLAND","family":"KUPKA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"TARIK","family":"KASSAYE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ELMAR","family":"SAATHOFF","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ELLEN","family":"HERTZMARK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GERNARD I.","family":"MSAMANGA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"WAFAIE W.","family":"FAWZI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","volume-title":"Neonatal and perinatal mortality: country, regional and global estimates","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10227.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","volume-title":"AIDS epidemic update","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000281667.35113.a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00247.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)04197-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","first-page":"711","article-title":"Proposed \u2018World Health Organization staging system for HIV infection and disease\u2019: preliminary testing by an international collaborative cross\u2010sectional study. 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