{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:08:53Z","timestamp":1789956533369,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aust N Z J Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding of the neurophysiological basis of cognitive, behavioural and perceptual disturbances associated with long-term cannabis use has grown dramatically. Exogenous cannabinoids alter the normative functioning of the endogenous cannabinoid system. This system is an important regulator of neurotransmission. Recent research has demonstrated abnormalities of the cannabinoid system in schizophrenia. The purpose of the present paper was to selectively review the links between cannabis use and psychosis, drawing upon recent epidemiological, clinical, cognitive, brain imaging and neurobiological research. The aim is to assist clinicians to probe more deeply into the newly unfolding world of cannabinoid physiology and to critically evaluate the potential role of cannabis in the onset and persistence of cognitive impairments and psychosis in otherwise healthy users and in schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670801961156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,7]],"date-time":"2009-12-07T18:35:46Z","timestamp":1260210946000},"page":"357-368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Cannabis, Cannabinoids and Schizophrenia: Integration of the Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Hunter New England Mental Health Service, Newcastle, NSW, 2300, Australia"},{"name":"Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Solowij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology and Illawarra Institute for Mental Health, University of Wollongong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaughan","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Hunter New England Mental Health Service, Newcastle, NSW, 2300, Australia"},{"name":"Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05021-1"},{"key":"bibr2-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.941116635.x"},{"key":"bibr3-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200110050457"},{"key":"bibr4-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526824"},{"key":"bibr5-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x"},{"key":"bibr6-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950040017002"},{"key":"bibr7-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.006"},{"key":"bibr8-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00425-0"},{"key":"bibr9-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(95)01097-I"},{"key":"bibr10-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00178-6"},{"key":"bibr11-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530310027028"},{"key":"bibr12-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000031422.66442.49"},{"key":"bibr13-00048670801961156","first-page":"14","volume":"239","author":"Eldreth DA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"bibr14-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.10.909"},{"key":"bibr15-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617703950016"},{"key":"bibr16-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1989.tb08579.x"},{"key":"bibr17-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(96)02817-X"},{"key":"bibr18-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)00195-1"},{"key":"bibr19-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00375-8"},{"key":"bibr20-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10916.x"},{"key":"bibr21-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1885-8"},{"key":"bibr22-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.012"},{"key":"bibr23-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200011270-00047"},{"key":"bibr24-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl064"},{"key":"bibr25-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2006.18.3.318"},{"key":"bibr26-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v19n01_01"},{"key":"bibr27-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1993.tb04103.x"},{"key":"bibr28-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.06.011"},{"key":"bibr29-00048670801961156","author":"Y\u00fccel M","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr30-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200201000-00003"},{"key":"bibr31-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2000.00736.x"},{"key":"bibr32-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92620-1"},{"key":"bibr33-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1199"},{"key":"bibr34-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf043"},{"key":"bibr35-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1212"},{"key":"bibr36-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00014-2"},{"key":"bibr37-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050892"},{"key":"bibr38-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.006"},{"key":"bibr39-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(94)00053-B"},{"key":"bibr40-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00049-8"},{"key":"bibr41-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.026"},{"key":"bibr42-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1993"},{"key":"bibr43-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199702100-00014"},{"key":"bibr44-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38267.664086.63"},{"key":"bibr45-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01001.x"},{"key":"bibr46-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.1.45"},{"key":"bibr47-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008440"},{"key":"bibr48-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01710.x"},{"key":"bibr49-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2253"},{"key":"bibr50-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2000.00728.x"},{"key":"bibr51-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197004302821803"},{"key":"bibr52-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/16.1.81"},{"key":"bibr53-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0264180100000904"},{"key":"bibr54-00048670801961156","first-page":"379","volume-title":"Schizophrenia","author":"Carlsson A","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr55-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01612.x"},{"key":"bibr56-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079489"},{"key":"bibr57-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09925.x"},{"key":"bibr58-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033339"},{"key":"bibr59-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1992.tb01456.x"},{"key":"bibr60-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-17-06475.2001"},{"key":"bibr61-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2004.09.007"},{"key":"bibr62-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1247"},{"key":"bibr63-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01283-1"},{"key":"bibr64-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0543"},{"key":"bibr65-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(95)93923-L"},{"key":"bibr66-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063545"},{"key":"bibr67-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.6.3287"},{"key":"bibr68-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00200.2002"},{"key":"bibr69-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-11-04544.1999"},{"key":"bibr70-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00086-X"},{"key":"bibr71-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00065-1"},{"key":"bibr72-00048670801961156","first-page":"880","volume":"3","author":"Hoehe MR","year":"1991","journal-title":"New Biol"},{"key":"bibr73-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1997.4815"},{"key":"bibr74-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001029"},{"key":"bibr75-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00552-2"},{"key":"bibr76-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01545-7"},{"key":"bibr77-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.11.005"},{"key":"bibr78-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.02.007"},{"key":"bibr79-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199906030-00008"},{"key":"bibr80-00048670801961156","first-page":"226","volume":"53","author":"Leweke FM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"bibr81-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300558"},{"key":"bibr82-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290090001001"},{"key":"bibr83-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/385634a0"},{"key":"bibr84-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.13"},{"key":"bibr85-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00967-4"},{"key":"bibr86-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4503-03.2004"},{"key":"bibr87-00048670801961156","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Symposium on the cannabinoids","author":"Marinelli S","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr88-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.04.010"},{"key":"bibr89-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)30230-2","volume":"194","author":"Banerjee SP","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"bibr90-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(90)94136-L"},{"key":"bibr91-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)00723-3"},{"key":"bibr92-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.02041.x"},{"key":"bibr93-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00033-2"},{"key":"bibr94-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10215"},{"key":"bibr95-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-02-00563.1991"},{"key":"bibr96-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00392-8"},{"key":"bibr97-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1996.0060"},{"key":"bibr98-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(97)00018-3"},{"key":"bibr99-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119701100205"},{"key":"bibr100-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03708.2002"},{"key":"bibr101-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00061-X"},{"key":"bibr102-00048670801961156","first-page":"407","volume":"137","author":"Spencer KM","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"bibr103-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810350036005"},{"key":"bibr104-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950160008002"},{"key":"bibr105-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00120-2"},{"key":"bibr106-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00217.x"},{"key":"bibr107-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-10-j0004.2001"},{"key":"bibr108-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/383621a0"},{"key":"bibr109-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-08-02921.1997"},{"key":"bibr110-00048670801961156","first-page":"29","volume":"528","author":"Tsai G","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr111-00048670801961156","first-page":"227","volume":"50","author":"Akbarian S","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr112-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevNeurobiol.v12.i1-2.20"},{"key":"bibr113-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.7.663"},{"key":"bibr114-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.3.1635"},{"key":"bibr115-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.3.1167"},{"key":"bibr116-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2001.03400.x"},{"key":"bibr117-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00331-X"},{"key":"bibr118-00048670801961156","volume-title":"Dementia praecox and paraphrenia","author":"Kraepelin E","year":"1919"},{"key":"bibr119-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800190080012"},{"key":"bibr120-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/18.2.319"},{"key":"bibr121-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400003138"},{"key":"bibr122-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(03)00029-1"},{"key":"bibr123-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.04.005"},{"key":"bibr124-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(97)00091-3"},{"key":"bibr125-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(01)00160-X"},{"key":"bibr126-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2004.04.004"},{"key":"bibr127-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00020-4"},{"key":"bibr128-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.10.015"},{"key":"bibr129-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35097089"},{"key":"bibr130-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509494102"},{"key":"bibr131-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206777585139"},{"key":"bibr132-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206590200"},{"key":"bibr133-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5282.1719"},{"key":"bibr134-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(96)00087-9"},{"key":"bibr135-00048670801961156","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Biochemistry and physiology of substance abuse","volume":"2","author":"Murphy LL","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr136-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00255-O"},{"key":"bibr137-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(88)90561-9"},{"key":"bibr138-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02737066"},{"key":"bibr139-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)90110-4"},{"key":"bibr140-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(96)00176-3"},{"key":"bibr141-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(87)90023-7"},{"key":"bibr142-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00766-5"},{"key":"bibr143-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246436"},{"key":"bibr144-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300225"},{"key":"bibr145-00048670801961156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61162-3"}],"container-title":["Australian &amp; New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00048670801961156","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/00048670801961156","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/00048670801961156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:51:48Z","timestamp":1777373508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/00048670801961156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/00048670801961156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00048670801961156","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-8674","1440-1614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-8674","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]}}}