{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:23:32Z","timestamp":1792092212819,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,1]],"date-time":"1997-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":852076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/00313029700169724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,6]],"date-time":"2005-10-06T22:21:40Z","timestamp":1128637300000},"page":"113-121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The pathology of fatal child abuse"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Peter S.J.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0005","first-page":"204","article-title":"Recognition and management of child abuse by the surgical pathologist","volume":"107","author":"Buchino","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0010","series-title":"Children in a world of violence: a history of child abuse. In: Helfer RE, Kempe RS, editors. The Battered Child","first-page":"3","author":"Radbill","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0015","first-page":"135","article-title":"The history of child abuse","volume":"30","author":"Knight","year":"1986","journal-title":"For Sci lnt"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0020","first-page":"163","article-title":"Multiple fractures in the long bones of infants suffering from subdural hematoma","volume":"56","author":"Caffey","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1962.03050270019004","article-title":"The battered-child syndrome","volume":"181","author":"Kempe","year":"1962","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5759.430","article-title":"Infantile subdural haematoma and its relationship to whiplash injury","volume":"2","author":"Guthkelch","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.54.4.396","article-title":"The whiplash-shaken infant syndrome: manual shaking by the extremities with whiplash-induced intracranial and intraocular bleedings, linked with residual permanent brain damage and mental retardation,","volume":"54","author":"Caffey","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)91497-0","article-title":"Munchausen syndrome by proxy. The hinterland of child abuse","volume":"2","author":"Meadow","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0045","series-title":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Child Welfare Series No, 2. Canberra: AGPS;","article-title":"Child abuse and neglect Australia 1990-1991","author":"Angus","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0050","author":"Meadow","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.2.330","article-title":"The Missouri child fatality study: underreporting of maltreatment fatalities among children younger than five years of age, 1983 through 1986","volume":"91","author":"Ewigman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.83.1.41","article-title":"Child abuse by drowning","volume":"83","author":"Griest","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198811000-00011","article-title":"Burn abuse: a four-year study","volume":"28","author":"Showers","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)36937-1","article-title":"Inflicted injury versus accidental injury","volume":"37","author":"Johnson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.3.471","article-title":"Long-bone fractures in young children: distinguishing accidental injuries from child abuse","volume":"88","author":"Thomas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198806000-00004","article-title":"Nonnatural death masquerading as SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)","volume":"9","author":"Perrot","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J For Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(91)90071-K","article-title":"Child abuse and cot deaths","volume":"15","author":"Newlands","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.2.423","article-title":"Fatal child abuse and sudden infant death syndrome: a critical diagnostic decision","volume":"91","author":"Reece","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1990.02150300019014","article-title":"Childhood injuries in the United States","volume":"144","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0100","first-page":"697","article-title":"Violent death and injury in US children and adolescents","volume":"144","author":"Christoffel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.2.338","article-title":"Estimates of fatal child abuse and neglect, United States, 1979 through 1988","volume":"91","author":"McClain","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249203200310","article-title":"A study of child homicide over two decades","volume":"32","author":"Hargrave","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0115","first-page":"201","article-title":"Childhood homicide in Paris 1990-1993: a report of 81 cases","volume":"40","author":"Fomes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J For Sci"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1993.tb121780.x","article-title":"Child homicide the extreme of child abuse","volume":"158","author":"de Silva","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0125","article-title":"Sentenced homicides in New South Wales: a legal and sociological study","author":"Donnelly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sydney: Judicial Commission of New South Wales"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0130","series-title":"Child abuse and neglect: a medical reference","first-page":"233","article-title":"Sexual child abuse","author":"Canavan","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505253322107","article-title":"Child abuse and neglect","volume":"332","author":"Wissow","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0140","series-title":"The Battered Child. 4th ed","first-page":"247","article-title":"Pathology of fatal child abuse and neglect","author":"Zumwalt","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0145","series-title":"Child abuse, a medical reference","first-page":"61","article-title":"Biomechanics of nonaccidental trauma","author":"Spivack","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0150","series-title":"The Battered Child","first-page":"178","article-title":"The child with nonaccidental trauma","author":"Schmitt","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3928\/0090-4481-19920801-07","article-title":"The diagnosis of inflicted injury in infants and young children","volume":"21","author":"Chadwick","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0160","first-page":"618","article-title":"Tin ear syndrome: rotational acceleration in pediatric head injuries","volume":"80","author":"Hanigan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140170055017","article-title":"Subgaieal hematoma caused by hair-pull","volume":"204","author":"Hamlin","year":"1968","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0170","series-title":"Diagnostic imaging of child abuse","first-page":"159","article-title":"Head trauma","author":"Kleinman","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.59.3.246","article-title":"Skull fracture and the diagnosis of abuse","volume":"59","author":"Hobbs","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.60.4.533","article-title":"Injuries resulting when small children fail out of bed","volume":"60","author":"Heifer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198703000-00014","article-title":"The likelihood of injuries when children fall out of bed","volume":"7","author":"Nimityongskul","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199309000-00005","article-title":"Fatal falls in childhood. How far must children fall to sustain fatal head injury? Report of cases and review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Reiber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J For Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199110000-00005","article-title":"Injuries in infants and small children resulting from witnessed and corroborated free falls","volume":"31","author":"Williams","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.2.179","article-title":"Head injury in very young children: mechanisms, injury types and ophthalmic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age","volume":"90","author":"Duhaime","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.75.2.340","article-title":"Serious head injury in infants: accident or abuse?","volume":"75","author":"BitImire","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1972.02110140011001","article-title":"On the theory and practice of shaking infants","volume":"124","author":"Caffey","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198208000-00005","article-title":"Biomechanics of acute subdural haematoma","volume":"22","author":"Gennarelli","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0220","series-title":"Head injuries in the newborn and infant","first-page":"203","article-title":"Intracraniai hematomas","author":"Choux","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.2.188","article-title":"Intracranial haemorrhage and non-accidental injury","volume":"64","author":"Newton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0230","series-title":"Head injuries in the newborn and infant","first-page":"87","article-title":"Traumatic birth injuries","author":"Hovind","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0235","first-page":"8725","article-title":"Shaken baby syndrome: inflicted cerebral trauma","volume":"92","author":"Krugman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199012000-00007","article-title":"Forensic photography. Ultra-violet imaging of wounds on skin","volume":"11","author":"Barsley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J For Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198712000-00006","article-title":"Head trauma due to child abuse: serial computerized tomography in diagnosis and management","volume":"80","author":"Sinai","year":"1987","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.173.3.2813768","article-title":"Head injury in child abuse: evaluation with MR imaging","volume":"173","author":"Sato","year":"1989","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.37.10.1095","article-title":"Primary brain trauma in non-accidental injury","volume":"37","author":"Calder","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0260","first-page":"113","article-title":"Injuries of basal ganglia following head trauma in children","volume":"7","author":"Maki","year":"1980","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Brain"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410120610","article-title":"Diffuse axonal injury due to nonmissite head injury in humans: an analysis of 45 cases","volume":"12","author":"Adams","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.40.2.185","article-title":"Diffuse axonai injury in early infancy","volume":"40","author":"Vowles","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.3.0409","article-title":"The shaken baby syndrome\u2014a clinical, pathological and biomechanical study","volume":"66","author":"Duhaime","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0280","first-page":"1600","article-title":"The shaken infant syndrome. Shaking alone may not be responsible for damage","volume":"310","author":"Leadbetter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699309103489","article-title":"The pathophysiology of infant subdural haematomas","volume":"7","author":"Howard","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198604000-00017","article-title":"Subdural hematomas in abused children: report of six cases from Japan","volume":"18","author":"Aoki","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140170001001","article-title":"Whiplash injury andbrain damage","volume":"204","author":"Ommaya","year":"1968","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0300","first-page":"23","article-title":"Subdurat haematoma after whiplash injury","volume":"1","author":"Ommaya","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0305","first-page":"724","article-title":"Incidence of impact trauma with cranial injuries ascribed to shaking","volume":"144","author":"Alexander","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198904000-00008","article-title":"The infant whiplash-shake injury syndrome: a clinical and pathological study","volume":"24","author":"Hadley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199309000-00004","article-title":"Ocular and associated neuropathologic observations in suspected whiplash shaken infant syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Munger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J For Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0320","first-page":"114","article-title":"Shaken babies\u2014some have no impact injuries","volume":"41","author":"Gilliland","year":"1996","journal-title":"J For Sci"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90254-1","article-title":"Sudden infant death (cot death) related to spinal injury","volume":"2","author":"Towbin","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.3928\/0090-4481-19831201-06","article-title":"Craniocerebral trauma in the child abuse syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Merten","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0335","series-title":"Child abuse, a medical reference","first-page":"191","article-title":"Ophthalmic manifestations","author":"Levin","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0340","first-page":"293","article-title":"Autopsy findings in the eyes of fourteen fataUy abused children","volume":"39","author":"Rao","year":"1988","journal-title":"For Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32095-5","article-title":"Ocular findings at autopsy of child abuse victims","volume":"98","author":"Riffenburgh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050220103037","article-title":"Optic nerve sheath and retinal hemorrhages associated with the shaken baby syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Lambert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.55.4.248","article-title":"Retinal haemorrhages in newborn infants","volume":"55","author":"Sezen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0360","first-page":"445","article-title":"Do retinal hemorrhages occur with accidental head trauma in young children?","volume":"144","author":"Alario","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1991.tb02539.x","article-title":"Retinal haemorrhage in accidental head trauma in childhood","volume":"27","author":"Elder","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Paediatr ChiM Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199308000-00008","article-title":"Accidental head trauma and retinal haeraorrhage","volume":"33","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199003000-00012","article-title":"Retinal hemorrhage in an infant after cardiopulmonary resuscitation","volume":"11","author":"Weedn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J For Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80890-3","article-title":"Retinal hemorrhage after cardiopulmonary resuscitation or child abuse","volume":"108","author":"Kanter","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199309000-00003","article-title":"Are retinal hemorrhages found after resuscitation attempts? A study of the eyes of 169 children","volume":"14","author":"Gilliland","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J For Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0390","first-page":"1335","article-title":"Purtscher retinopathy in the battered child syndrome","volume":"129","author":"Tomasi","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(88)90877-X","article-title":"Retinal folds in the shaken baby syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Gaynon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Ophthatmol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32167-5","article-title":"Vitreoretinal traction and perimacular retinal folds in the eyes of deliberately traumatized children","volume":"98","author":"Massicote","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(86)33688-1","article-title":"Traumatic retinoschisis in battered babies","volume":"93","author":"Greenwald","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070100050033","article-title":"Ocular and associated systemic findings in suspected child abuse. A necropsy study","volume":"108","author":"Elner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0415","first-page":"117","article-title":"Systemic and ocular findings in 169 prospectively studied child deaths: retinal hemorrhages usually mean child abuse","volume":"68","author":"Giltiland","year":"1994","journal-title":"For Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31300-5","article-title":"Ocular and optic nerve hemorrhages in abused infants with intracranial injuries","volume":"101","author":"Budenz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080030023019","article-title":"The medicolegal implications of detecting hemosiderin in the eyes of children who are suspected of being abused","volume":"109","author":"Gilliland","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0430","first-page":"77","article-title":"Retinal hemorrhages: replicating the clinician\u2019s view of the eye","volume":"56","author":"Gilliland","year":"1992","journal-title":"For Sci lnt"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0435","first-page":"403","article-title":"Neuropathology","author":"Rorke","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249003000211","article-title":"Traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage as part of the NAI syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Sivaloganathan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0445","first-page":"298","article-title":"Morphology of brain lesions from blunt trauma in early infancy","volume":"87","author":"Lindenberg","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Pathol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0450","series-title":"Forensic neuropathology","author":"Leestma","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02019848","article-title":"Cerebral contusional tears as a marker of child abnse\u2014etection by cranial sonography","volume":"22","author":"Jaspan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1965.01320070159033","article-title":"Contrecoup injuries of the brain in infancy: remarks on the mechanism of fatal traumatic lesions of early life","volume":"90","author":"Courville","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0465","series-title":"Head injuries in the newborn and infant","first-page":"183","article-title":"Cerebral damage","author":"McLaurin","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.54.2.0170","article-title":"Diffuse cerebral swelling following head injuries in children: the syndrome of \u201cmalignant brain edema\u201d","volume":"54","author":"Bruce","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308490","article-title":"The head injured child who \u201ctalks and dies\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Humphreys","year":"1990","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197304000-00012","article-title":"Patterns of injury in the battered child syndrome","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0485","series-title":"Diagnostic imaging of child abuse","first-page":"67","article-title":"Bony thoracic trauma","author":"Kleinraan","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0490","series-title":"ChiM abuse; medical diagnosis and management","first-page":"358","article-title":"Conditions mistaken for child abuse","author":"Bays","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01371340","article-title":"Rib fractures in children\u2014resuscitation or child abuse?","volume":"106","author":"Betz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199503000-00003","article-title":"An isolated perforation of the jejunum caused by child abuse. A case report","volume":"16","author":"Ogata","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J For lqed Pathol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197108000-00010","article-title":"Small bowel injuries in children after blunt abdominal trauma","volume":"174","author":"Kakos","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.162.3.8109518","article-title":"Adrenal hemorrhage in abused children: imaging and postmortem findings","volume":"162","author":"Nimkin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199106000-00003","article-title":"Intimal tears of the right atrium of the heart due to blunt force injuries to the abdomen, Its mechanism and implications","volume":"12","author":"Cumberland","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J For Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3928\/0090-4481-19831201-05","article-title":"Skeletal trauma in the child abuse syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Leonidas","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.75B6.8245070","article-title":"Fractures caused by child abuse","volume":"75","author":"Carty","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.155.4.2119097","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging in infant abuse","volume":"155","author":"Kleinman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.165.3.7645487","article-title":"Inflicted skeletal injury: a postmortem radiologic-histopathologic study in 31 infants","volume":"165","author":"Kleinman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0540","series-title":"Diagnostic imaging of child abuse","first-page":"213","article-title":"The postmortem examination","author":"Kleinman","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81072-8","article-title":"Suffocation, recurrent apnea and sudden infant death","volume":"117","author":"Meadow","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(87)90081-0","article-title":"Web of deceit: a literature review of Munchausen syndrome by proxy","volume":"11","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00451.x","article-title":"Mtlnchausen syndrome by proxy: repetitive infantile apnoea and homicide","volume":"29","author":"Byard","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.294.6588.1637","article-title":"Apnoeic episodes induced by smothering: two cases identified by covert video surveillance","volume":"294","author":"Southall","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0565","first-page":"352","article-title":"Covert video surveillance in Munchausen syndrome by proxy","volume":"160","author":"Byard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ethical compromise or essential technique? Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.50.4.646","article-title":"Prolonged apnoea and the sudden infant death syndrome: Clinical and laboratory investigations","volume":"50","author":"Steinschneider","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.3.385","article-title":"Forensic evaluation of the sexually abused child","volume":"78","author":"Enos","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0580","first-page":"219","article-title":"Fatal anorectal injuries: a series of four cases","volume":"40","author":"Orr","year":"1995","journal-title":"J For Sci"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0585","first-page":"620","article-title":"Toluidine blue in the detection at autopsy of perineal and anal lacerations in victims of sexual abuse","volume":"116","author":"Bays","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.86.5.692","article-title":"Hair dryer bums in children","volume":"86","author":"Prescott","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.79.2.255","article-title":"Microwave oven btmas to children: an unusual manifestation of child abuse","volume":"79","author":"Alexander","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0600","first-page":"197","article-title":"Child abuse by burning","author":"Feldman","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0605","first-page":"1475","article-title":"Homicidal asphyxia by pepper aspiration","volume":"31","author":"Cohle","year":"1986","journal-title":"J For Sci"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0610","author":"Spitz","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0615","first-page":"303","article-title":"Failure-to-thrive\/Starvation","author":"Ludwig","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1080\/00313029700169724_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199603000-00014","article-title":"Dehydration deaths in infants and young children","volume":"17","author":"Whitehead","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J For Med Pathol"}],"container-title":["Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031302516350498?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031302516350498?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T19:37:22Z","timestamp":1706643442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031302516350498"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031302516350498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00313029700169724","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3025"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3025","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997]]}}}