{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:54:14Z","timestamp":1782784454056,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behaviour & Information Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/01449290410001673036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,14]],"date-time":"2004-06-14T15:03:23Z","timestamp":1087225403000},"page":"273-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["The cognitive task analysis methods for job and task design: review and reappraisal"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"June","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavriel","family":"Salvendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","reference":[{"key":"b1","unstructured":"Anderson JR 1976Language, memory, and thought(Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates)"},{"key":"b2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.48.1.35"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arend U 1991 Analyzing complex tasks with an extended GOMS model In M. J. Tauber and D. Ackermann (eds),Mental models of human-computer interaction 2, (B.V. North-Holland: Elsevier) pp.\u2009115\u200a\u2013\u200a133","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-88602-6.50010-4"},{"key":"b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beringer J Wandmacher J 1991 Object-based action planning In M. J. Tauber and D. Ackermann (eds),Mental models of human-computer interaction 2, (B.V. North-Holland: Elsevier) pp. 135\u200a\u2013\u200a155","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-88602-6.50011-6"},{"key":"b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boose JH 1990 Uses of repertory grid-centered knowledge acquisition tools for knowledge-based systems In J. H. Boose and B. R. Gaines (eds),The foundations of knowledge acquisition, (San Diego, CA: Academic Press) pp.\u200961\u200a\u2013\u200a84","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1531-5_10"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0501_1"},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.73.3.467"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1989.tb01548.x"},{"key":"b10","unstructured":"Campion MA Medsker GJ 1992 Job design In Gavriel Salvendy (eds),Handbook of human factors, Chapter 32, (New York: John Wiley & Sons) pp.\u2009645\u200a\u2013\u200a881"},{"key":"b11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-2616(87)90039-8"},{"key":"b12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.70.1.29"},{"key":"b13","unstructured":"Card SK Moran TP Newell AL 1983The psychology of the human-computer interface(Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates)"},{"key":"b15","unstructured":"Carroll JM Olson JR 1988 Mental models in human-computer interaction In M. Helander (Eds),Handbook of human-computer interaction, (Amsterdam: Elsevier)"},{"key":"b17","unstructured":"Clarke B 1987 Knowledge acquisition for real-time knowledge-based systems InProceedings of the First European Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge Based Systems2\u200a\u2013\u200a3 September, Reading University, UK"},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1994.1083"},{"key":"b19","first-page":"42","volume":"9","author":"Crossman ERFW","year":"1956","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"b21","unstructured":"Davis LE Wacker GL 1987 Job design In G. Salvendy (ed),Handbook of Human Factors, (New York: John Wiley & Sons)"},{"key":"b23","unstructured":"Drury CG 1990 Methods for direct observation of performance In J. R. Wilson & E. N. Corlett (eds),Evaluation of human work: a practical ergonomics methodology, (London: Taylor & Francis) pp.\u200935\u200a\u2013\u200a57"},{"key":"b24","unstructured":"Eberts R 1997 Cognitive Modeling In Gavriel Salvendy (ed.),Handbook of Human Factors & Ergonomics(2nd Ed.), Chapter 40, (New York: John Wiley & Sons) (pp. 1\u200a\u2013\u200a47)"},{"key":"b25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319009525967"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089103300205","volume":"33","author":"Elkerton J","year":"1991","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"b27","unstructured":"Ericsson KA Simon HA 1984Protocol analysis: verbal reports as data(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press)"},{"key":"b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer G 1991 The importance of models in making complex systems comprehensible In M. J. Tauber and D. Ackermann (eds),Mental models of human-computer interaction 2, (B.V. North-Holland: Elsevier) pp. 3\u200a\u2013\u200a33","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-88602-6.50005-0"},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisk AD Eggemeier FT 1988 Application of automatic\/controlled processing theory to training tactical command and control skills: 1. Background and task analytic methodology InProceedings of the human factors society 32nd annual meeting, (Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society) pp. 1227\u200a\u2013\u200a231","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128803201808"},{"key":"b30","unstructured":"Fleishman EA 1995 Rating scale booklet: Fleishman Job Analysis Survey Management Research Institute, Inc"},{"key":"b31","unstructured":"Fleishman EA Quaintance MK 1996Taxonomies of human performance: the description of human tasksManagement Research Institute, Inc"},{"key":"b32","unstructured":"Fogli L 1988 Task attribute performance analysis In S. Gael (ed),The job analysis handbook for business, industry, and government, Vol II, (New York: John Wiley & Sons) pp.\u20091105\u200a\u2013\u200a1119"},{"key":"b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geiwitz J Klatsky RL McCloskey BP 1988Knowledge acquisition for expert systems: conceptual and empirical comparisons(Santa Barbara, CA: Anacapa Sciences)","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA219851"},{"key":"b34","unstructured":"Geiwitz J Kornell J McCloskey B 1990An expert system for the selection of knowledge acquisition techniquesTechnical Report 785(2), (Santa Barbara, CA: Anacpapa Sciences)"},{"key":"b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089303500305","volume":"35","author":"Gordon SE","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"b36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0803_3"},{"key":"b37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076546"},{"key":"b38","unstructured":"Hackman RJ Oldham GR 1980Work redesign(Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley)"},{"key":"b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall EM Gott SP Pokorny RA 1994A procedural guide to cognitive task analysis: the PARI methodologyBrooks AFB, TX","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA303654"},{"key":"b40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(83)80034-0"},{"key":"b41","first-page":"53","volume":"8","author":"Hoffman RR","year":"1987","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"b42","unstructured":"Jeanneret PR McCormick EJ 1969The job dimensions of \u2018work oriented\u2019 job variables and of their attribute profiles as based on data from the position analysis questionnaireReport 2, Occupational Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907"},{"key":"b43","unstructured":"Jeanneret PR 1991Introductory guide for use with the position analysis questionnaire(Logan, Ulta: PAQ Services, Inc)"},{"key":"b44","unstructured":"Jeanneret PR McPhail SM 1991Position analysis questionnaire: the standard for job analysis(Logan, Ulta: PAQ Services, Inc)"},{"key":"b45","unstructured":"Jeanneret PR 1992aJob analysis guide: major duties, essential functions, and job requirements(Logan, Ulta: PAQ Services, Inc)"},{"key":"b46","unstructured":"Jeanneret PR 1992bUser's manual for PAQ ENTER-ACT: a micro-computer software package for use with the position analysis questionnaireVersion 3.1, (Logan, Ulta: PAQ Services, Inc)"},{"key":"b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John BE 1990 Extension of GOMS analyses to expert performance requiring perception of dynamic auditory and visual information InProceedings of CHI \u201890: human factors in computing systems, (New York: ACM\/SIGCHI) pp. 107\u200a\u2013\u200a115","DOI":"10.1145\/97243.97262"},{"key":"b48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01449299408914605"},{"key":"b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson L Johnson NE 1987 Knowledge elicitation involving teachback interviewing In A.C. Kidd (ed),Knowledge acquisition for expert systems:a practical handbook, (New York: Plenum Press)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1823-1_5"},{"key":"b50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408963684"},{"key":"b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kieras DE 1988 Towards a practical GOMS model methodology for user interface design In M. Helander (ed),Handbook of human-computer Interaction, (Amsterdam: Elsevier)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-70536-5.50012-9"},{"key":"b52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80045-6"},{"key":"b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirwan B Ainsworth LK (eds) 1992A guide to task analysis(London, Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis Ltd)","DOI":"10.1201\/b16826"},{"key":"b54","unstructured":"Klein G Militello LG 1998 Cognitive task analysis In Workshop ofhuman factors and ergonomics society 42nd Annual Meeting, No.12, Chicago, Illinois"},{"key":"b55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/21.31053"},{"key":"b56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408964951"},{"key":"b58","unstructured":"Laghery KR Cooker K 1992 Computer modeling and simulation In G. Salvendy (ed),Handbook of human factors & ergonomics(2nd Ed.), Chapter 41, (New York: John Wiley & Sons) pp.\u20091375\u200a\u2013\u200a1408"},{"key":"b59","unstructured":"Lehto MR Boose J Sharit J Salvendy G 1992 Knowledge acquisition In G. Salvendy (ed),Handbook of industrial engineer(2nd ed), Chapter 58, (New York: John Wiley & Sons) pp.\u20091495\u200a\u2013\u200a1545"},{"key":"b60","unstructured":"Lesgold A Rubinson H Feltovich P Glaser R Klopfer D Wang Y 1988 Expertise in a complex skill: diagnosing x-ray pictures In M. T .H. Chi, R. Glaser and M. J. Farr (eds).The nature of expertise, (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers) pp.\u2009311\u200a\u2013\u200a342"},{"key":"b61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1987.tb00606.x"},{"key":"b62","unstructured":"Luczak H 1997 Task analysis In G. Salvendy (ed),Handbook of human factors and ergonomics(3rd ed), Chapter 12, (New York: John Wiley & Sons) pp.\u2009340\u200a\u2013\u200a416"},{"key":"b63","unstructured":"Mancuso JC Shaw MLG 1988Cognition and personal structure: computer access and analysis(New York: Praeger)"},{"key":"b64","unstructured":"McCormick EJ 1979Job analysis: methods and applicationsAMACOM"},{"key":"b65","unstructured":"McCormick EJ 1977Job analysis manual for the position analysis questionnaire(Logan, Ulta: PAQ Services, Inc)"},{"key":"b66","unstructured":"McCormick EJ Mecham RC Jeanneret PR 1977Technical manual for the position analysis questionnaire (System II)(Logan, Ulta: PAQ Services, Inc)"},{"key":"b67","unstructured":"McCormick EJ Mecham RC Jeanneret PR 1989Technical manual for the position analysis questionnaire2nd edn, (Logan, Ulta: PAQ Services, Inc)"},{"key":"b68","unstructured":"McCormick EJ Jeanneret PR Mecham RC 1969aA study of job characteristics and job dimensions as based on the position analysis questionnaireReport No. 6, Occupational Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"},{"key":"b69","unstructured":"McCormick EJ Jeanneret PR Mecham RC 1969bPosition analysis questionnaireOccupational Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette"},{"key":"b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCormick EJ Jeanneret PR Mecham RC 1969cThe development and background of the position analysis questionnaire, Report No.5Occupational Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0691736"},{"key":"b71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033099"},{"key":"b72","unstructured":"McCormick EJ Jeanneret PR Mecham RC 1989Position analysis questionnaire(Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc)"},{"key":"b73","unstructured":"McPhail SM Jeanneret PR McCormick EJ Mecham RC 1992Job analysis manual for the position analysis questionnaire, Revised Edition (Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc)"},{"key":"b74","unstructured":"Mecham RC McCormick EJ Jeanneret PR 1977Users manual for the position analysis questionnaire (System II)(Logan, Ulta: PAQ Services, Inc)"},{"key":"b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mecham RC McCormick EJ 1969aThe use in job evaluation of job elements and job dimensions based on the position analysis questionnaire, Report No.3 Occupational Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN","DOI":"10.1037\/e457852004-001"},{"key":"b76","unstructured":"Mecham RC McCormick EJ 1969bThe use of data based derived attribute requirements of jobs, Report No.4 Occupational Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"},{"key":"b77","unstructured":"Medsker GJ Campion MA 1997 Job and team design In G. Salvendy (ed)Handbook of human factors and ergonomics, 3rd edn, (New York: John Wiley & Sons) pp.\u2009450\u200a\u2013\u200a489"},{"key":"b78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.1.3"},{"key":"b79","unstructured":"Mitchell JL McCormick EJ 1990Professional and managerial position questionnaire (PMPQ)(Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc)"},{"key":"b80","first-page":"29","volume":"3","author":"Miller RB","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Institutes for Research Tech"},{"key":"b81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964480"},{"key":"b82","unstructured":"Newell A Simon H 1972Human problem solving(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall)"},{"key":"b83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(84)80054-1"},{"key":"b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pashler HE 1998The psychology of attention(Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press)","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5677.001.0001"},{"key":"b85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0202_1"},{"key":"b86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(89)80011-2"},{"key":"b87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0502&3_3"},{"key":"b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potter SS Roth EM Woods DD Elm WC 1998 A framework for integrating cognitive task analysis into the system development process InProceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society 42nd Annual Meetingpp.\u2009395\u200a\u2013\u200a399","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129804200346"},{"key":"b89","unstructured":"Primoff ES Fine SA 1988 A history of job analysis In G. Salvendy (ed)Handbook of industrial engineering, (New York: John Wiley & Sons) pp.\u20091415\u200a\u2013\u200a445"},{"key":"b91","first-page":"257","volume-title":"IEEE","author":"Rasmussen J","year":"1983"},{"key":"b92","unstructured":"Rasmussen J Duncan K Leplat L 1987New Technology and Human Error(New York: John Wiley & Sons)"},{"key":"b93","unstructured":"Reason J 1987 Generic errors modeling systems (GEMS): a cognitive framework for locating common error forms In J. Rasmussen, K. Duncan, and L. Leplat (eds)New Technology and Human Error, (New York: John Wiley & Sons) pp.\u200963\u200a\u2013\u200a86"},{"key":"b94","first-page":"229","volume-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-7","author":"Reisner P","year":"1981"},{"key":"b95","unstructured":"Rohmert W Landau K 1979A new techniques for job analysis (AET)(New York: Taylor & Francis Inc)"},{"key":"b97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139208967389"},{"key":"b98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02297312"},{"key":"b99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryder JM Zachary WW 1991 Experimental validation of the attention switching component of the COGNET framework InProceedings of the human factors society 35th annual meeting, (Santa Monica, CA) pp.\u200972\u200a\u2013\u200a76","DOI":"10.1518\/107118191786755887"},{"key":"b100","unstructured":"Salvendy G Seymour WD 1973Prediction and development of industrial work performance(New York: John Wiley & Sons)"},{"key":"b102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanderson PM James JM Seidler K 1989 SHAPA:An interactive software environment for protocol analysisEPRL-89-08 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138908966908"},{"key":"b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlager MS Means B Roth C 1990 Cognitive task analysis for the real-time world In34th annual proceedings of the human factor society, (Santa Monica, CA: Human Factor Society) pp.\u20091309\u200a\u2013\u200a1313","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129003401802"},{"key":"b104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.62.5.529"},{"key":"b105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schraagen JM Chipman SF Shalin VL 2000Cognitive task analysis(London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates)","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410605795"},{"key":"b106","unstructured":"Seamster TL Redding RE Kaempf GL 1997Applied cognitive task analysis in aviation(Bodmin: Hartnolls Limited)"},{"key":"b107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheridan TB 1997 Task analysis, task allocation and supervisory control In M. Helander, T. K. Landauer, and P. Prabhu (eds),Handbook of human-computer interaction2nd edn, (Elsevier) pp.\u200987\u200a\u2013\u200a105","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044481862-1.50071-6"},{"key":"b108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thordsen M Hutton R 1998 The cognitive function model InProceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society 42nd annual meetingpp.\u2009385\u200a\u2013\u200a389","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129804200344"},{"key":"b109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyler SW Neukom C Logan M Shively J 1998 MIDAS human performance model InProceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society 42nd annual meetingpp.\u2009320\u200a\u2013\u200a324","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129804200329"},{"key":"b110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visser W Morais A 1991 Concurrent use of different expertise elicitation methods applied to the study of the programming activity In M. J. Tauber and D. Ackermann (eds)Mental models of human-computer interaction 2, (B.V. North-Holland: Elsevier) pp. 97\u200a\u2013\u200a113","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-88602-6.50009-8"},{"key":"b111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0404_1"},{"key":"b112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.10028"},{"key":"b113","unstructured":"Wickens CD 1987 Information processing, decision-making, and cognition In G. Salvendy (ed)Handbook of human factors, Chapter 2.2, (New York: John Wiley & Sons) pp.\u200972\u200a\u2013\u200a107"},{"key":"b114","unstructured":"Wickens CD Carswell CM 1997 Information processing In G. Salvendy (ed)Handbook of human factors2nd edn. Chapter 4, (New York: John Wiley & Sons)"},{"key":"b115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02296571"}],"container-title":["Behaviour & Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/01449290410001673036","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T21:16:40Z","timestamp":1682716600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01449290410001673036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/01449290410001673036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01449290410001673036","relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1362-3001","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}}}