{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:16:31Z","timestamp":1781309791723,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behaviour &amp; Information Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/0144929x.2021.1917660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T08:56:25Z","timestamp":1619340985000},"page":"2283-2293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["How social media use is related to student engagement and creativity: investigating through the lens of intrinsic motivation"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Awais","family":"Gulzar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waikato Joint Institute (NZUWI), Zhejiang University City College","place":["Hangzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China"]},{"name":"University of Waikato","place":["Hamilton, New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudaser","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Islamia University of Bahawalpur","place":["Bahawalpur, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marria","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Islamia University of Bahawalpur","place":["Bahawalpur, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Imran","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Islamia University of Bahawalpur","place":["Bahawalpur, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2018.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.02.010"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Impact of Social Media use on Academic Performance among University Students: A Pilot Study","volume":"4","author":"Al-Rahmi W.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Al-Rahmi, W., and M. Othman. 2013. \u201cThe Impact of Social Media use on Academic Performance among University Students: A Pilot Study.\u201d Journal of Information Systems Research and Innovation 4 (12): 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Journal of Information Systems Research and Innovation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2891853"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2015.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10632913.2017.1296392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13562517.2017.1319808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Social Media Usage and Individuals\u2019 Intentions Toward Adopting Bitcoin: The Role of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Perceived Risk. International Journal of Communication Systems","volume":"4590","author":"Anser M. K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anser, M. K., G. H. K. Zaigham, M. Imran Rasheed, A. H. Pitafi, J. Iqbal, and A. Luqman. 2020. \u201cSocial Media Usage and Individuals\u2019 Intentions Toward Adopting Bitcoin: The Role of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Perceived Risk. International Journal of Communication Systems.\u201d E (norwalk, Conn ) 4590: 1\u201316.","journal-title":"E (norwalk, Conn )"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Student Involvement: A Developmental Theory for Higher Education","volume":"25","author":"Astin A. W.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Astin, A. W. 1984. \u201cStudent Involvement: A Developmental Theory for Higher Education.\u201d Journal of College Student Personnel 25 (4): 297\u2013308.","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Personnel"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00072.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08934215.2014.962752"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059840517740191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2014.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"If It's About Me, Why Do It Without Me? Genuine Student Engagement in School Cyberbullying Education","volume":"7","author":"Cross D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cross, D., L. Lester, A. Barnes, P. Cardoso, and K. Hadwen. 2015. \u201cIf It's About Me, Why Do It Without Me? Genuine Student Engagement in School Cyberbullying Education.\u201d International Journal of Emotional Education 7 (1): 35\u201351.","journal-title":"International Journal of Emotional Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17404622.2016.1219039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10400419.2016.1195615"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2018.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034319868271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2011.00426.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2017.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","volume-title":"Psychological Theories of Motivation","author":"Garske J.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Garske, J., and H. R. Arkes. 1982. Psychological Theories of Motivation. New York, NY: Brooks\/Cole."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","volume-title":"We Are Social","author":"Global Digital Report 2019-We Are Social","year":"2019","unstructured":"Global Digital Report 2019-We Are Social. 2019. We Are Social. New York: We Are Social Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","unstructured":"Goldman R. 2010. Teens Indicted After Allegedly Taunting Girl Who Hanged Herself bbc news."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10570314.2015.1078494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riob.2008.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2015.1064954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2016.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2015.1072149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-04-2016-0130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","volume-title":"A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)","author":"Hair J. F.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hair Jr, J. F., G. T. M. Hult, C. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt. 2016. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). California, United States: Sage publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1469-0292(02)00006-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08959285.2016.1157595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14626268.2014.904364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-04-2016-0099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2015.1088396"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00043125.2011.11519106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/PSS0885-3134270104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.06.025"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Creativity and Personality Profiles of Adolescents Based on Cyberbullying Roles-Pilot Study","volume":"2014","author":"Kinga S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kinga, S., D. K\u00e1rmen, B. ENIK\u0150, B. Andrea, and K. No\u00e9mi-Emese. 2014. \u201cCreativity and Personality Profiles of Adolescents Based on Cyberbullying Roles-Pilot Study.\u201d Transylvanian Journal of Psychology 2014 (2): 181\u2013198.","journal-title":"Transylvanian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633118787528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.12.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.0.0099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15377903.2013.806883"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.080"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2016.0671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-01-2020-0005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2016.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000709906X118036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1989.10607413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13603124.2017.1304576"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2014.0898"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","first-page":"664","article-title":"Trait Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations, Academic Performance, and Creativity in Hong Kong College Students","volume":"43","author":"Moneta G. B.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moneta, G. B., and C. M. Siu. 2002. \u201cTrait Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations, Academic Performance, and Creativity in Hong Kong College Students.\u201d Journal of College Student Development 43 (5): 664\u2013683.","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Development"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99289-1_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"Nunnally J. C.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Nunnally, J. C., and I. Bernstein. 1978. Psychometric Theory. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.2016.1195331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","volume-title":"How College Affects Students: A Third Decade of Research","author":"Pascarella E. T.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pascarella, E. T., and P. T. Terenzini. 2005. How College Affects Students: A Third Decade of Research. California, United States: ERIC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224527"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep3902_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100452"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","volume-title":"Lives of Passion, School of Hope: How one Public School Ignites a Lifelong Love of Learning","author":"Posner R.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Posner, R., and F. Posner. 2009. Lives of Passion, School of Hope: How one Public School Ignites a Lifelong Love of Learning. Colorado, United States: Sentient Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2013.849171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.3.564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-04-2012-0011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2017.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","volume-title":"Out of our Minds\u2013Learning to be Creative First Published","author":"Robinson K.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Robinson, K. 2001. Out of our Minds\u2013Learning to be Creative First Published. West Sussex: Capstone Publishing Ltd."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/03074801211244940"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_80_1","first-page":"703","article-title":"Using Online Social Media to Support Preservice Student Engagement","volume":"6","author":"Rutherford C.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rutherford, C. 2010. \u201cUsing Online Social Media to Support Preservice Student Engagement.\u201d MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching 6 (4): 703\u2013711.","journal-title":"MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/jel.v1n2p252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-017-0063-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2014.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00958964.2011.596856"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2016.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003804070708000302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S112594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jocb.170"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_91_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of Student Engagement with Social Media on Student Learning: A Review of Literature","volume":"1","author":"Tarantino K.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tarantino, K., J. McDonough, and M. Hua. 2013. \u201cEffects of Student Engagement with Social Media on Student Learning: A Review of Literature.\u201d The Journal of Technology in Student Affairs 1 (8): 1\u20138.","journal-title":"The Journal of Technology in Student Affairs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.21029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_1","volume-title":"The Global Achievement gap: Why Even our Best Schools Don't Teach the new Survival Skills our Children Need-and What we Can do About it","author":"Wagner T.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wagner, T. 2014. The Global Achievement gap: Why Even our Best Schools Don't Teach the new Survival Skills our Children Need-and What we Can do About it. London, United Kingdom: Hachette UK."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15388220.2014.949377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102591"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2019.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2010.48037118"}],"container-title":["Behaviour &amp; Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1917660","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T10:25:34Z","timestamp":1770891934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1917660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1917660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929x.2021.1917660","relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1362-3001","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tbit20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tbit20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2020-03-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}