{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:52:45Z","timestamp":1780591965742,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"12","funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1444827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1444827"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behaviour &amp; Information Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/0144929x.2021.1933182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T23:54:09Z","timestamp":1622937249000},"page":"2528-2545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Identifying program confusion using electroencephalogram measurements"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5630-1633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin K.-C.","family":"Yeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University-Brandywine, Media, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching + Learning Commons, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lois Anne","family":"DeLong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1985.231883"},{"key":"CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.02.004"},{"key":"CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.10.014"},{"key":"CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2168-9830.1998.tb00332.x"},{"key":"CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.013"},{"key":"CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bednarik, R., and M. Tukiainen. 2006. \u201cAn Eye-Tracking Methodology for Characterizing Program Comprehension Processes.\u201d In Proceedings of the 2006 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, 125\u2013132.","DOI":"10.1145\/1117309.1117356"},{"key":"CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(77)80039-4"},{"key":"CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00641-2"},{"key":"CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319109526004"},{"key":"CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2829945"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0011","first-page":"83","volume":"1","author":"Dehaene S.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mathematical Cognition"},{"key":"CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290244000239"},{"key":"CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(99)00138-7"},{"key":"CIT0014","volume-title":"Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports As Data","author":"Ericsson K. A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"CIT0015","unstructured":"Fincham, J. M., J. R. Anderson, S. Betts, and J. Ferris. 2010. \u201cUsing Neural Imaging and Cognitive Modeling to Infer Mental States while Using an Intelligent Tutoring System.\u201d In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 51\u201360."},{"key":"CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0074329"},{"key":"CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritz, T., A. Begel, S. C. M\u00fcller, S. Yigit-Elliott, and M. Z\u00fcger. 2014. \u201cUsing Psycho-Physiological Measures to Assess Task Difficulty in Software Development.\u201d In Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering, 402\u2013413.","DOI":"10.1145\/2568225.2568266"},{"key":"CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gal\u00e1n, F. C., and C. R. Beal. 2012. \u201cEEG Estimates of Engagement and Cognitive Workload Predict Math Problem Solving Outcomes.\u201d In International Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization, 51\u201362.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31454-4_5"},{"key":"CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/7.4.374"},{"key":"CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopstein, D., J. Iannacone, Y. Yan, L. DeLong, Y. Zhuang, M. K. C. Yeh, and J. Cappos. 2017. \u201cUnderstanding Misunderstandings in Source Code.\u201d In Proceedings of the 2017 11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering, 129\u2013139.","DOI":"10.1145\/3106237.3106264"},{"key":"CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopstein, D., H. H. Zhou, P. Frankl, and J. Cappos. 2018. \u201cPrevalence of Confusing Code in Software Projects: Atoms of Confusion in the Wild.\u201d In Msr '18: 15th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories, May 28\u201329, 2018, Gothenburg, Sweden, 281\u2013291.","DOI":"10.1145\/3196398.3196432"},{"key":"CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1977.tb00363.x"},{"key":"CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02361-8"},{"key":"CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5884.00016"},{"key":"CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikutani, Y., and H. Uwano. 2014. \u201cBrain Activity Measurement During Program Comprehension With NIRS.\u201d In 2014 15th IEEE\/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel\/Distributed Computing (SNPD), 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/SNPD.2014.6888727"},{"key":"CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/12.8.877"},{"key":"CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.01975.x"},{"key":"CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01234.2005"},{"key":"CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00056-3"},{"key":"CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(97)00018-9"},{"key":"CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199605170-00002"},{"key":"CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(98)00056-1"},{"key":"CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(90)90020-E"},{"key":"CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.03.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0035","first-page":"319","volume":"98","author":"Krause C. M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"EEG Desynchronization and Synchronization During An Auditory Memory Task. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00429-6"},{"key":"CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0164-1212(87)90032-X"},{"key":"CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359511.359522"},{"key":"CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2015.2487341"},{"key":"CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(81)90012-8"},{"key":"CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2013.11.014"},{"key":"CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158"},{"key":"CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2018.2863303"},{"key":"CIT0044","unstructured":"Pennington, N. 1987a. \u201cComprehension Strategies in Programming.\u201d In Empirical Studies of Programmers: Second Workshop, 100\u2013113."},{"key":"CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(87)90007-7"},{"key":"CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90212-4"},{"key":"CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8"},{"key":"CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3992243"},{"key":"CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi055"},{"key":"CIT0050","unstructured":"Romero, P. 2004. \u201cStructural Knowledge and Language Notational Properties in Program Comprehension.\u201d In 2004 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages-Human Centric Computing, 223\u2013225."},{"key":"CIT0051","unstructured":"Rostami, S., A. Shenfield, S. Sigurnjak, and O. Fakorede. 2015. \u201cEvaluation of Mental Workload and Familiarity in Human Computer Interaction With Integrated Development Environments Using Single-Channel EEG.\u201d In Proceeding of PPIG 2015-26th annual workshop, 7\u201321."},{"key":"CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20309"},{"key":"CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(90)90003-M"},{"key":"CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.122.2.166"},{"key":"CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00294.x"},{"key":"CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(77)80014-X"},{"key":"CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3347093"},{"key":"CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegmund, J., N. Peitek, C. Parnin, S. Apel, J. Hofmeister, C. K\u00e4stner, A. Begel, A. Bethmann, and A. Brechmann. 2017. \u201cMeasuring Neural Efficiency of Program Comprehension.\u201d In Proceedings of the 2017 11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering, 140\u2013150.","DOI":"10.1145\/3106237.3106268"},{"key":"CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1984.5010283"},{"key":"CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(94)90041-8"},{"key":"CIT0061","volume":"8","author":"Tadel F.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2011"},{"key":"CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1994.1036"},{"key":"CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199803000-00011"},{"key":"CIT0064","unstructured":"Weidenbeck, S. 1986. \u201cProcesses in Computer Program Comprehension.\u201d In Papers Presented at the First Workshop on Empirical Studies of Programmers on Empirical Studies of Programmers, 48\u201357."},{"key":"CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0269"},{"key":"CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00621.x"},{"key":"CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01129654"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0068","first-page":"458","volume":"34","author":"Yeh M. K. C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Education"}],"container-title":["Behaviour &amp; Information Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1933182","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T07:33:21Z","timestamp":1666942401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1933182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/0144929X.2021.1933182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929x.2021.1933182","relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-929X","1362-3001"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1362-3001","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tbit20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tbit20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2021-01-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}