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In the rat, male and female mammary glands exhibit striking morphologic differences that can be altered secondary to hormonal perturbations. Recognizing these morphologic changes can help the pathologist predict potential xenobiotic-induced perturbations in the systemic hormonal milieu. This review examines the development of the rat mammary gland and the influence of sex hormones on the morphology of the adult male and female rat mammary gland. Specific case examples from the literature and data from our laboratory highlight the dynamic nature of the rat mammary gland in response to hormonal changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230601156260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,26]],"date-time":"2007-07-26T00:32:41Z","timestamp":1185409961000},"page":"199-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["The Rat Mammary Gland: Morphologic Changes as an Indicator of Systemic Hormonal Perturbations Induced by Xenobiotics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Julia N.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Rudmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield Laboratories, Greenfield, IN 46140, 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