{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T22:39:56Z","timestamp":1776811196717,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Association for Information Systems","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Technology for Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/02681102.2020.1727827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T01:53:32Z","timestamp":1582768412000},"page":"670-691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Displaced and dismayed: how ICTs are helping refugees and migrants, and how we can do better"],"prefix":"10.17705","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Joseph G.","family":"Bock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Conflict Management, Peacebuilding and Development, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, USA"}]},{"given":"Ziaul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Conflict Management, Peacebuilding and Development, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, USA"}]},{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Providence College, Providence, USA"}]}],"member":"7521","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","unstructured":"AbuJarour, S. & Krasnova, H. (2017). Understanding the role of ICTs in promoting social inclusion: The case of Syrian refugees in Germany. In\n                      Proceedings of the 25th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS)\n                      , Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal, June 5-10, 1792-1806. Retrieved from https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1114&context=ecis2017_rp"},{"key":"CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2016\/40.2.06"},{"key":"CIT0003","unstructured":"Asylum Information Database. (n.d.). Registration of the asylum application: Greece. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.asylumineurope.org\/reports\/country\/GREece\/asylum-procedure\/procedures\/"},{"key":"CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intmar.2011.06.001"},{"key":"CIT0005","volume-title":"Digital humanitarianism: How tech entrepreneurs are supporting refugee integration","author":"Benton M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"CIT0006","first-page":"270","volume-title":"A companion to qualitative research","author":"B\u00f6hm A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1100.1215"},{"key":"CIT0008","unstructured":"BrainPOP. (n.d.). Increasing refugees\u2019 access to learning resources through digital content. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/labs_post\/brainpop\/"},{"key":"CIT0009","unstructured":"Breakfast Television. [Tech & Trending]. (2017, February 9).\n                      Botler: AI chatbot answers Quebec immigration questions.\n                      [Video file]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.btmontreal.ca\/videos\/botler-ai-chatbot-answers-quebec-immigration-questions\/"},{"key":"CIT0010","unstructured":"Buckholtz, A. & Raven, A. (May 14, 2019). Eyeing a More Secure Future for Refugees. Retreived from https:\/\/www.irisguard.com\/node\/108"},{"key":"CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.2010.1440440118"},{"key":"CIT0012","unstructured":"Carlson, S. & JBS International (2013, December). Using information communication technology to improve refugee children's reading skills. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/labs_post\/worldreader\/"},{"key":"CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0249"},{"key":"CIT0014","unstructured":"Chhabra, E. (2013, November 8). Ubiquitous across globe, cellphones have become tool for doing good.\n                      The New York Times\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/11\/08\/giving\/ubiquitous-across-globe-cellphones-have-become-tool-for-doing-good.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0015","first-page":"43","volume":"39","author":"Davenport T. H.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sloan Management Review"},{"key":"CIT0016","unstructured":"Duffield, M. (2013).\n                      Disaster-Resilience in The Network Age: Access-Denial and The Rise of Cyber-Humanitarianism\n                      (No. 2013: 23). DIIS Working Paper."},{"key":"CIT0017","unstructured":"Fernandez, W. D., Wiesche, M. & Schreieck, M. (2018, September 7).\n                      Mobile platforms can give refugees access to vital information when they arrive in Australia\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2018-09-mobile-platforms-refugees-access-vital.html"},{"key":"CIT0018","unstructured":"Fitch, N. (2016). Smartphone use on the refugee trail.\n                      ARS Technica\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/video\/2016\/04\/smartphone-use-on-the-refugee-trail\/"},{"key":"CIT0019","unstructured":"Gillespie, M., Ampofo, L., Cheesman, M., Faith, B., Iliadou, E., Issa, A. & Skleparis, D. (2016, May 13).\n                      Mapping refugee media journeys: Smartphones and social media networks\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/ccig\/sites\/www.open.ac.uk.ccig\/files\/Mapping%20Refugee%20Media%20Journeys%2016%20May%20FIN%20MG_0.pdf"},{"key":"CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305118764440"},{"key":"CIT0021","volume-title":"The grounded theory perspective III: Theoretical coding","author":"Glaser B. G.","year":"2005"},{"key":"CIT0022","volume-title":"The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research","author":"Glaser B. G.","year":"1967"},{"key":"CIT0023","unstructured":"Graham, L. (2015, September 14).\n                      How smartphones are helping refugees in Europe\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2015\/09\/11\/how-smartphones-are-helping-refugees-in-europe.html"},{"key":"CIT0024","unstructured":"GSMA Intelligence. (2018).\n                      The mobile economy 2018\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.gsmaintelligence.com\/research\/?file=061ad2d2417d6ed1ab002da0dbc9ce22&download"},{"key":"CIT0025","unstructured":"Hemmadi, M. (February 8, 2017). Meet Botler, an A.I. chatbot that helps people immigrate to Canada. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.canadianbusiness.com\/innovation\/botler-immigration-chatbot\/"},{"key":"CIT0026","unstructured":"ICRC. Restoring Family Links. Retrieved from https:\/\/familylinks.icrc.org\/en\/Pages\/home.aspx"},{"key":"CIT0027","unstructured":"Instant Network Schools. (n.d.). Kenya. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/en-us\/kenya-instant-network-schools.html"},{"key":"CIT0028","unstructured":"Instant Network Schools. (n.d.). Leveraging mobile technology to improve the quality of education provided for refugees. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/labs_post\/instant-network-schools\/"},{"key":"CIT0029","unstructured":"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent. (n.d.). TERA (Trilogy Emergency Relief Application) and beneficiary communication\n                      .\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/en\/what-we-do\/beneficiary-communications\/tera\/"},{"key":"CIT0030","unstructured":"International IDEA. (n.d.). Tools. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.idea.int\/data-tools\/tools\/electoral-risk-management-tool"},{"key":"CIT0031","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2017).\n                      ICT facts and figures\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-D\/Statistics\/Documents\/facts\/ICTFactsFigures2017.pdf"},{"key":"CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315777276"},{"key":"CIT0033","unstructured":"Jansen, S., Brinkkemper, S. & Finkelstein, A. (2009). Business network management as a survival strategy: A tale of two software ecosystems. Paper presented at the First Workshop on Software Ecosystems, Falls Church, Virginia, USA."},{"issue":"9","key":"CIT0034","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Kaplan W. A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Globalization and Health"},{"key":"CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09614524.2018.1445200"},{"key":"CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2013.07.002"},{"key":"CIT0037","unstructured":"Kirchner, S. (2016, August 9). Syrian refugees create app to help navigate German bureaucracy.\n                      Washington Post.\n                      Retrieved from https:\/\/www.washin tonpost.com\/news\/worldviews\/wp\/2016\/08\/09\/syrian-refugees-create-app-to-help-navigate-german-bureaucracy\/?utm_term=.20cf3c705c13"},{"key":"CIT0038","unstructured":"Kiron. Partner with us as an academic institution. Retrieved from https:\/\/kiron.ngo\/support-our-mission\/as-a-higher-education-institution\/"},{"key":"CIT0039","unstructured":"Latonero, M. (2015, December 27). For refugees, a digital passage to Europe.\n                      Thomas Reuters Foundation News\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/news.trust.org\/\/item\/20151227124555-blem7\/"},{"key":"CIT0040","unstructured":"Latonero, M. & Poole, D. (2018).\n                      Refugee connectivity: a survey of mobile phones, mental health, and privacy at a Syrian refugee camp in Greece\n                      . Harvard Humanitarian Initiative. Retrieved from https:\/\/hhi.harvard.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/refugee_connectivity_web.mb4_.8-2.pdf"},{"key":"CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222310206"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0042","volume":"40","author":"Lepeska D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Wilson Quarterly"},{"key":"CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312019003325"},{"key":"CIT0044","unstructured":"Luo, N. & Craddock, A. (2016). The Refugee Crisis and Higher Education: Access Is One Issue. Credentials Are Another. World Education News + Reviews. December 6. Retrieved from https:\/\/wenr.wes.org\/2016\/12\/refugee-crisis-higher-education-access-credentials"},{"key":"CIT0045","unstructured":"Martin-Shields, C. P. (2016).\n                      When information becomes action: How information communication technologies affect collective action during crises\n                      (Doctoral dissertation). Arlington, VA: George Mason University."},{"key":"CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002188638602200207"},{"key":"CIT0047","unstructured":"Mason, B. (2016, March 29). The refugee tech crisis.\n                      Stanford Social and Innovation Review\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/ssir.org\/articles\/entry\/the_refugee_tech_crisis"},{"key":"CIT0048","unstructured":"Mathieson, S. A. (May 15, 2009). How technology is transforming mental health treatment.\n                      The Guardian.\n                      Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/mental-health-supplement-2019\/2019\/may\/15\/how-technology-is-transforming-mental-health-treatment"},{"key":"CIT0049","volume-title":"Investing in the crisis: Private participation in the education of Syrian refugees","author":"Menashy F.","year":"2017"},{"key":"CIT0050","unstructured":"Mobile connectivity a lifeline for refugees, report finds. (September 14, 2016). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/uk\/news\/latest\/2016\/9\/57d7d4478\/mobile-connectivity-lifeline-refugees-report-finds.html"},{"key":"CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00327"},{"key":"CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180864"},{"key":"CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20801"},{"key":"CIT0054","volume-title":"The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups","author":"Olson M.","year":"1971"},{"key":"CIT0055","unstructured":"Osborne, L. (2015, August 17). Smartphone app launched to help asylum seekers in Dresden.\n                      The Guardian\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/aug\/17\/smartphone-app-launched-help-asylum-seekers-dresden-germany"},{"key":"CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2157930X.2014.921355"},{"key":"CIT0057","unstructured":"Petzinger, J. (August 21, 2018). More than 300,000 refugees have now found jobs in Germany."},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0058","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"Qayyum M. A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Information Research"},{"key":"CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681102.2015.1080428"},{"key":"CIT0060","unstructured":"REFUNITE. (n.d.). Our mission. Retrieved from https:\/\/REFUNITE.org\/about\/"},{"key":"CIT0061","volume-title":"ICT for the employability and integration of immigrants in the European Union","author":"Reichel D.","year":"2015"},{"key":"CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01436597.2015.1043992"},{"key":"CIT0063","unstructured":"Schreieck, M., Wiesche, M., Hein, A. & Krcmar, H. (2016). Governance of nonprofit platforms \u2013 Onboarding mechanisms for a refugee information platform. Paper presented at the SIG GlobDev Ninth Annual Workshop, Dublin, Ireland. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Maximilian_Schreieck\/publication\/311545624_Governance_of_nonprofit_platforms_Onboarding_mechanisms_for_a_refugee_information_platform\/links\/584bebd408ae4bc8992bead6\/Governance-of-nonprofit-platforms-Onboarding-mechanisms-for-a-refugee-information-platform.pdf"},{"key":"CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681102.2017.1335280"},{"key":"CIT0065","volume-title":"Development as freedom","author":"Sen A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592761.1592778"},{"key":"CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511557842"},{"key":"CIT0068","unstructured":"Syrian Refugees Invent App For Germany's Bureaucracy Maze. (August 15, 2016). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ndtv.com\/world-news\/syrian-refugees-invent-app-for-germanys-bureaucracy-maze-1444310"},{"key":"CIT0069","volume-title":"Edtech for learning in emergencies and displaced settings","author":"Tauson M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-408066-9.00001-1"},{"key":"CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1100.0323"},{"key":"CIT0072","unstructured":"Toor, A. (2016). Germany launches smartphone app to help refugees integrate: Ankommen aims to help asylum seekers find their footing during their first weeks in Germany.\n                      The Verge\n                      . Jan. 13. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2016\/1\/13\/10761150\/germany-refugee-smartphone-app-ankommen"},{"key":"CIT0073","unstructured":"UNHCR. RAIS: Refugee assistance and information system. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/labs_post\/rais-refugee-assistance-information-system\/"},{"key":"CIT0074","unstructured":"UNHCR. Translation cards. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/labs_post\/translation-cards\/"},{"key":"CIT0075","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2007). Note on the Integration of Refugees in the European Union. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/463b462c4.pdf"},{"key":"CIT0076","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2014).\n                      Innovation at UNHCR 2014\n                      . Retrieved from file:\/\/\/C:\/HAQUE'S%20FOLDER\/PUBLICATIONS\/ITD%20Publication\/ITD%20Ref%20Manual\/1992_unhcr_annual_report_web_art.pdf"},{"key":"CIT0077","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2016).\n                      Connecting refugees: how internet and mobile connectivity can improve refugee well-being and transform humanitarian action\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/5770d43c4"},{"key":"CIT0078","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2017). Applying user-centered design and prototyping to humanitarian problem-solving. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/labs\/"},{"key":"CIT0079","unstructured":"UNHCR-Innovation. (n.d.). Ascend\n                      .\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/labs_post\/ascend\/"},{"key":"CIT0080","unstructured":"UNHCR-Innovation. (n.d.). Social media and SMS outreach: Leveraging social media and SMS technology to communicate with refugees in Za'atari camp. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/labs_post\/social-media-and-sms-outreach\/"},{"key":"CIT0081","unstructured":"University of the West England. (n.d.). Powering the Future. Retrieved from https:\/\/www1.uwe.ac.uk\/research\/researchimpact\/poweringthefuture.aspx"},{"key":"CIT0082","unstructured":"UPS ReliefLink. Linking refugee registration with distribution data collection. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/labs_post\/ups-relieflink-program\/"},{"key":"CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2017\/41.3.02"},{"key":"CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440298605200502"},{"key":"CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-8991-1"},{"key":"CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2006.00039.x"}],"container-title":["Information Technology for Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/02681102.2020.1727827","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:28:04Z","timestamp":1776702484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/02681102.2020.1727827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/02681102.2020.1727827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02681102.2020.1727827","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-1102","1554-0170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-1102","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-0170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=titd20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=titd20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2020-02-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}