{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:57:07Z","timestamp":1778090227251,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Association for Information Systems","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]],"date-time":"2020-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598659200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["757247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["757247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Technology for Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/02681102.2020.1811943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,30]],"date-time":"2020-08-30T03:05:20Z","timestamp":1598756720000},"page":"50-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Exclusion and inclusion in identification: regulation, displacement and data justice"],"prefix":"10.17705","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Aaron","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Linnet","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"7521","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","unstructured":"AFP. (2019, September 9). Bangladesh halts new SIM card sale in Rohingya camps. Agence France-Presse. https:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/bangladesh-halts-sim-card-sale-rohingya-camps-130352363.html"},{"key":"CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025961"},{"key":"CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polgeo.2006.02.001"},{"key":"CIT0004","volume-title":"The origins of totalitarianism","author":"Arendt H.","year":"1958"},{"key":"CIT0005","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives From South Asia","author":"Arora P.","year":"2019"},{"key":"CIT0006","unstructured":"Atabong, A. B. (2019, July 8). Cameroonian telcos in hot water over SIM card registration. IT Web Africa. http:\/\/www.itwebafrica.com\/security\/797-cameroon\/246112-cameroonian-telcos-in-hot-water-over-sim-card-registration"},{"key":"CIT0007","unstructured":"BBC News. (2015, October 26). Nigeria telecom giant MTN fined a record $5.2bn.\n                      British Broadcasting Corporation\n                      . https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-34638595"},{"key":"CIT0008","unstructured":"bdnews24. (2015, December 6). Bangladesh launches registration of mobile phone SIMs with biometric details. https:\/\/bdnews24.com\/bangladesh\/2015\/12\/16\/bangladesh-launches-registration-of-mobile-phone-sims-with-biometric-details"},{"key":"CIT0009","unstructured":"bdnews24. (2017, September 23). Bangladesh regulator bans selling mobile SIMs to Rohingya refugees. https:\/\/bdnews24.com\/bangladesh\/2017\/09\/23\/bangladesh-regulator-bans-selling-mobile-sims-to-rohingya-refugees"},{"key":"CIT0010","volume-title":"Guidelines on electronic Know Your customer (e-KYC)","author":"BFIU","year":"2019"},{"key":"CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowker, G. C. & Starr, S. L. (2000).\n                      Sorting things out: Classification and its consequences\n                      . MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6352.001.0001"},{"key":"CIT0012","unstructured":"Brinham, N. (2018, October 30). \u201cGenocide cards\u201d: Rohingya refugees on why they risked their lives to refuse IDs. Truthout. https:\/\/truthout.org\/articles\/genocide-cards-rohingya-refugees-on-why-they-risked-their-lives-to-refuse-ids"},{"key":"CIT0013","unstructured":"Bushell-Embling, D. (2018, March 6). Bangladesh to block 3m registered SIMs. Telecom Asia. https:\/\/www.telecomasia.net\/content\/bangladesh-block-3m-registered-sims"},{"key":"CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20130290"},{"key":"CIT0015","unstructured":"CDAC. (2016). Strategic framework. Communicating with Disaster Affected Communities. http:\/\/www.cdacnetwork.org\/contentAsset\/raw-data\/044f39c0-3c2c-4583-815b-7e8ea53b2522\/attachedFile"},{"key":"CIT0016","unstructured":"Daily Monitor. (2019, October 7). Refugee cards, OPM attestation letters no longer valid for SIM card registration, says UCC. https:\/\/www.monitor.co.ug\/News\/National\/UCC-suspends-SIM-card-registration-refugee-cards-OPM-letters\/688334-5302436-ftd3ejz\/index.html"},{"key":"CIT0017","unstructured":"The Daily Star. (2017, November 7). 5 Rohingyas jailed for selling mobile, SIMs. https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/rohingya-crisis\/5-rohingyas-jailed-selling-mobile-sims-1487776"},{"key":"CIT0018","unstructured":"The Daily Star. (2019, January 23). One-third handsets imported illegally. https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/business\/telecom\/bangladesh-telecom-regulator-mobile-phone-imei-database-launched-legal-import-mobile-handset-1691311"},{"key":"CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2012.11.002"},{"key":"CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716679678"},{"key":"CIT0021","unstructured":"Dhaka Tribune. (2016, April 13). Biometric SIM registration legal. https:\/\/www.dhakatribune.com\/bangladesh\/2016\/04\/13\/biometric-sim-registration-legal"},{"key":"CIT0022","unstructured":"Diaz, M. (2017). Data retention and registration of mobile phones: Chile in the Latin American context. Derechos Digitales. https:\/\/www.derechosdigitales.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Data-Retention-and-Registration-of-Mobile-Phones-pdf"},{"key":"CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v19i2.4351"},{"key":"CIT0024","volume-title":"Public policy analysis: An introduction","author":"Dunn W. L.","year":"2008","edition":"4"},{"key":"CIT0025","unstructured":"The Economist\n                      . (2019, September 4). Bangladesh bans mobile phones for 1 m Rohingya refugees. https:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/2019\/09\/04\/bangladesh-bans-mobile-phones-for-1m-rohingya-refugees"},{"key":"CIT0026","first-page":"891","volume":"42","author":"Farraj A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Columbia Human Rights Law Review"},{"key":"CIT0027","unstructured":"Foucault, M. (1976). The will to knowledge: The history of sexuality, volume 1 (trans. R. Hurley, 1998)."},{"key":"CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/589478"},{"key":"CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0270467607311487"},{"key":"CIT0030","unstructured":"GSMA. (2016). Mandatory registration of prepaid SIM cards. GSM Association. https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/publicpolicy\/mandatory-registration-prepaid-sim-cards"},{"key":"CIT0031","unstructured":"GSMA. (2017). Landscape report: Mobile money, humanitarian cash transfers and displaced populations. GSM Association. https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/mobilefordevelopment\/resources\/mobile-money-humanitarian-cash-transfers\/"},{"key":"CIT0032","unstructured":"GSMA. (2018). Access to mobile services and proof-of-identity: Global policy trends, dependencies and risks. GSM Association. https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/mobilefordevelopment\/programme\/digital-identity\/access-mobile-services-proofidentity-global-policy-trends-dependencies-risks\/"},{"key":"CIT0033","unstructured":"GSMA. (2019a). Access to mobile services and proof of identity 2019: Assessing the impact on digital and financial inclusion. GSM Association. https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/mobilefordevelopment\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/ProofofIdentity2019_WebSpreads.pdf"},{"key":"CIT0034","unstructured":"GSMA. (2019b, September 10). The digital lives of refugees: Lessons from Uganda. GSM Association. https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/mobilefordevelopment\/country\/uganda\/the-digital-lives-of-refugees-lessons-from-uganda\/"},{"key":"CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266666916678282"},{"key":"CIT0036","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2019, September 7). Bangladesh: Clampdown on Rohingya Refugees. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2019\/09\/07\/bangladesh-clampdown-rohingya-refugees"},{"key":"CIT0037","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch. (2020, March 26). Bangladesh: Internet ban risks Rohingya lives. https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2020\/03\/26\/bangladesh-internet-ban-risks-rohingya-lives"},{"key":"CIT0038","volume-title":"Handbook on data protection in humanitarian action","author":"ICRC","year":"2020","edition":"2"},{"key":"CIT0039","unstructured":"ID4D. (2019). About us. World Bank. https:\/\/id4d.worldbank.org\/about-us"},{"key":"CIT0040","unstructured":"Internews. (2016). Strategic plan. https:\/\/internews.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Internews_strategic-framework.pdf"},{"key":"CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2012.04.002"},{"key":"CIT0042","unstructured":"Kaurin, D. (2019, July 8). Why libra needs a humanitarian fig leaf. Berkman Klein Center. https:\/\/medium.com\/berkman-klein-center\/why-libra-needs-a-humanitarian-fig-leaf-79ae6a463c8"},{"key":"CIT0043","unstructured":"Kazeem, Y. (2019, May 16). MTN is finally listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange\u2014but its shares will likely be out of reach. Quartz Africa. https:\/\/qz.com\/africa\/1620856\/mtn-shares-up-as-finally-listed-on-nigeria-stock-exchange\/"},{"key":"CIT0044","author":"Latonero M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harvard Humanitarian Initiative and Data and Society"},{"key":"CIT0045","unstructured":"Libra Association. (2019). Libra white paper. www.libra.org\/en-US\/white-paper"},{"key":"CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230299047_18"},{"key":"CIT0047","unstructured":"Malakata, M. (2018, May 10). Uganda\u2019s comms regulator lifts SIM card ban. IT Web Africa. http:\/\/www.itwebafrica.com\/security\/813-uganda\/244198-ugandas-comms-regulator-lifts-sim-card-ban"},{"key":"CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v17i1\/2.12924"},{"key":"CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v6i3.3282"},{"key":"CIT0050","unstructured":"Milko, V. (2019, September 3). \u2018Genocide card\u2019: Myanmar Rohingya verification scheme condemned. Al Jazeera. https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2019\/09\/genocide-card-myanmar-rohingya-verification-scheme-condemned-190903012922259.html"},{"key":"CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller, B. J. (2011, June 13). Governmentality and Biopolitics.\n                      Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies\n                      . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190846626.013.50","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190846626.013.50"},{"key":"CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12394-010-0038-y"},{"key":"CIT0053","unstructured":"Privacy International. (2019, August 5). Africa: SIM card registration only increases monitoring and exclusion. https:\/\/privacyinternational.org\/long-read\/3109\/africa-sim-card-registration-only-increases-monitoring-and-exclusion"},{"key":"CIT0054","unstructured":"Rahman, Z. (2019, September 3). Bangladesh cuts access to mobile phone services for the Rohingya. Global Voices. https:\/\/globalvoices.org\/2019\/09\/03\/bangladesh-cuts-access-to-mobile-phone-services-for-the-rohingya\/"},{"key":"CIT0055","unstructured":"Ratcliffe, R. & Ahmed, R. (2020, June 11). Bangladesh urged to lift Rohingya internet ban as Covid-19 rumours swirl.\n                      The Guardian\n                      . https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/jun\/11\/internet-ban-sparks-covid-19-rumours-in-rohingya-camp"},{"key":"CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9256.1996.tb00039.x"},{"key":"CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13688790903350666"},{"key":"CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S181638311700042X"},{"key":"CIT0059","volume-title":"Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed","author":"Scott J. C.","year":"1998"},{"key":"CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvndv992"},{"key":"CIT0061","volume-title":"Imprint of the Raj: How fingerprinting was born in colonial India","author":"Sengoopta C.","year":"2003"},{"key":"CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025910"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0063","first-page":"27","volume":"56","author":"Songwe N.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Finance and Development"},{"key":"CIT0064","first-page":"1","volume-title":"IEEE IST-Africa conference and exhibition (IST-Africa)","author":"Sumbwanyambe M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951717736335"},{"key":"CIT0066","unstructured":"Telecompaper. (2018, March 1). Ugandan govt warns operators of penalties or licence withdrawal for unregistered SIMs. https:\/\/www.telecompaper.com\/news\/ugandan-govt-warns-operators-of-penalties-or-licence-withdrawal-for-unregistered-sims\u20131234262"},{"key":"CIT0067","unstructured":"UNCDF. (2018). Uganda country assessment on affordable and accessible remittances for forcibly displaced persons and host communities. United Nations Capital Development Fund. https:\/\/www.uncdf.org\/download\/file\/127\/6633\/uganda-refugee-remittances-assessment-report0620v3pdf"},{"key":"CIT0068","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2016). Connecting refugees. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/5770d43c4.pdf"},{"key":"CIT0069","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2019a). Displaced and disconnected. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/displaced-and-disconnected\/"},{"key":"CIT0070","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2019b). Displaced and disconnected: Country reports. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/innovation\/displaced-and-disconnected\/"},{"key":"CIT0071","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2019c). Uganda. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. http:\/\/reporting.unhcr.org\/node\/5129?y=2019#year"},{"key":"CIT0072","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2019d). Bangladesh. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. http:\/\/reporting.unhcr.org\/node\/2539?y=2019#year"},{"key":"CIT0073","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2019e, August 20). UNHCR welcomes Uganda Communications Commission directive to improve refugees\u2019 access to SIM cards. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/afr\/news\/press\/2019\/8\/5d5ba4274\/unhcr-welcomes-uganda-communications-commission-directive-to-improve-refugees.html"},{"key":"CIT0074","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2020, January). Uganda: Operational update. http:\/\/reporting.unhcr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/UNHCR%20Uganda%20Operational%20Update%20-%20January%202020_0.pdf"},{"key":"CIT0075","unstructured":"UNSG. (2014). A world that counts: Mobilising the data revolution for sustainable development. United Nations secretary general. https:\/\/www.undatarevolution.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/A-World-That-Counts2.pdf"},{"key":"CIT0076","unstructured":"Vassas, Q. & La\u00efda, N. (2018). Addressing customer due diligence obligation to promote rohingya financial inclusion. Cash Working Group. https:\/\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/sites\/www.humanitarianresponse.info\/files\/documents\/files\/addressing_customer_due_diligence_obligations_to_promote_rohingya_financial_inclusion.pdf"},{"key":"CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2012.661207"},{"key":"CIT0078","unstructured":"World Bank. (2018, June 5). Cote d\u2019Ivoire and Guinea to Kick-Start West Africa regional identification program. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2018\/06\/05\/cote-divoire-and-guinea-to-kick-start-west-africa-regional-identification-program"},{"key":"CIT0079","volume-title":"Case study research: Design and methods","author":"Yin R. K.","year":"2003","edition":"3"}],"container-title":["Information Technology for Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/02681102.2020.1811943","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T16:28:09Z","timestamp":1776702489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/02681102.2020.1811943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/02681102.2020.1811943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02681102.2020.1811943","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-1102","1554-0170"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-1102","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-0170","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=titd20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=titd20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2020-08-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}